Crystal Palace Essay Example For Students

Precious stone Palace Essay During the 1800s Great Britains domain extended the world over, and with crude materials effectively accessible to them along these lines, they definitely started refining and assembling all phases of numerous new machines and different merchandise, conveying locally and all around. Be that as it may, in spite of being the focal workshop of the world, Britain was not delivering the highest caliber of product. When looking at industrial facility made items made in England to encompassing nations, most strikingly France, those items couldn't think about to the extent craftsmanship and in some cases, basically advancement. It was recommended by Cole and bolstered by Prince Albert that England have a kind of free-for-all innovative article to acquire outside artworks into the nation. These organizers bolstered facilitated commerce, feeling that if neighborhood business was presented to remote made products, they could fuse those new thoughts into their own merchandise, expanding their value. Despite the fact that initially proposing to welcome just neighboring nations to this piece, the arrangement before long heightened to incorporate the worldwide condition. As association and sponsorship was arranged out, the matter of where to host such a huge and continuous occasion emerged. In a perfect world, it was to happen in London, to kind of hotshot the best of the nation and intrigue in-coming guests. The issue was that London was at that point developed and filled in, and minimal open space stayed for the required timespan. It was chosen soon that a bit of Hyde Park would give the required area, so it looked just as the issue of a site had been fathomed. Be that as it may, there were numerous opposers to the arrangement. When all is said in done, imported products coming in such incredible amounts could subvert British industry. All the more explicitly, the site itself was addressed. In spite of the fact that the recreation center offered enough space, the British were defensive of their parks, and imagined that the reasonable would bring down property estimations of the most noteworthy part of town, just as for all time deform the common territory. Among the reactions, the board despite everything needed to design a structure to hold the occasion. Most thoughts included a long, one-story building made of block. The issue was that it looked awfully strong and hard to expel later also that it most likely couldn't be worked in time. Further discussion and redraftings didnt help speed the task along, either. Paxton presented his thought late in the game, however was right away received. It was so financially savvy, the fairs arranging board needed to acknowledge his proposition. The general structure took after a nursery, as he had grown up arranging gardens. This was the principal working to utilize glass as an essential material, and keeping in mind that it understood the worry of legitimate lighting required, it was a touch of shock to a great many people since it was viewed as hazardous. In addition, an assessment had as of late been set on the material, so the sums required were faulty. Be that as it may, the arrangement was grasped by the contractual workers, generally on the legitimacy that the areas of the structure were all pre-manufactured modules, ready to be fabricated anyplace. At that point, the segments wouldâ be delivered to the parks site and introduced to the base previously framed there. The speed of the erection stunned numerous individuals. Paxton needed individuals to try and let individuals in free once the article formally opened, however these thought was not considered by anybody yet him. He esteemed innovation over excellence, yet attempted to show that development could even rethink feel. The arrangement evidently worked, and the media named the structure, The Crystal Palace.

A System of Profound Knowledge

In regard to nature of materials, there are three notable thinkers whom are generally referenced: W. Edwards Deming, Philip B. Crosby, and Joseph M. Juran. All through the twentieth century, these three men have ceaselessly coordinated new frameworks for development in the quality framework. The first and presumably most notable of these savants is W. Edwards Deming. Deming first came into the open eye when he was credited with helping the Japanese after World War II and assisting with raising the Japanese business into the front line of world industry. Deming stresses that the most significant piece of value is the job of the executives. Deming likewise underlines on accomplishing long haul objectives through social change rather then momentary needs. Deming†s discoveries can be seen best through his â€Å"System of Profound Knowledge,† and his â€Å"14 Points of Management.† While Deming was consistently growing his exploration, Philip B. Crosby entered the bleeding edge of value in the 1970†³s. Crosby has been a consulter just as a coach for some pioneers in the assembling businesses. Like Deming, Crosby likewise has a â€Å"14-Step Pan for Quality Improvement.† Crosby†s fundamental center is first assess the quality framework and make enhancements for the present framework. Another of Crosby†s fundamental concerns is deserts. Crosby underscores that the presentation standard ought to be â€Å"zero defects.† The latest of the rationalists is Joseph M. Juran. In the late 1980†³s Juran established an organization to counsel and train the board in quality. Notwithstanding Deming, Juran likewise visited Japan to help their industry toward the finish of World War II. Juran†s most acclaimed hypothesis of value is his â€Å"quality trilogy,† which centers around arranging, control and improvement of the quality framework. Despite the fact that Deming, Crosby, and Juran have never teamed up on their work, numerous likenesses are separated in their convictions. For instance, each of the three men stress the significance of the administration framework. Additionally, they have made bit by bit forms by which businesses ought to follow so as to demonstrate the nature of their items. Another significant point which is shared by every one of the three men is that quality ought to be seen as a substance. In any case to the way that each of the three have put together their lives with respect to the yearning objective of building up a framework to improve quality, there are a few key contrasts exist in the midst of these three quality specialists. As a matter of first importance is their meaning of value. Deming utilizes factual expectations, basing his whole perspective on quality on the nature of the procedure, not the item though Crosby and Juran center more around the client. Crosby weights on the conformance of the quality framework to the requirements of the client. Juran goes even one stop further, and premise his whole meaning of value on the expected utilization of every item by the purchaser. Another key point where the men differ is objective setting. Deming centers his thoughts basically around long haul objectives, where despite what might be expected, Crosby and Juran express that transient objectives are similarly significant. After widely perusing the works and thoughts by there three specialists, it is clear to perceive any reason why the have been so effective. Quality is a significant piece of the mechanical just as the customer world, and the requirement for quality improvement increments regular.

Lethologica or Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon

Lethologica or Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon Basics Print Lethologica or Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 30, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 13, 2019 Squaredpixels / Getty Images More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming Have you ever been asked a question that you  know  the answer to, but found yourself struggling to think of the correct word? Oh, I know this, you might say. I know that it starts with a B. Its a sensation that we are all familiar with, and it turns out that this common state actually has a name. It is known as lethologica or the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. Psychologists define this phenomenon as a feeling that accompanies the temporary inability to retrieve information from memory. Even though you know that you know the answer, the elusive information seems to be just outside of your mental reach. This feeling can be frustrating when you are experiencing it, but one of the upsides of lethologica is that it allows researchers to analyze different aspects of memory. Some interesting things that researchers have discovered about lethologica include: The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is universal. Surveys suggest that around 90% of speakers of different languages from all over the world report experiencing moments where memories seem momentarily inaccessible.These moments occur quite often and this frequency increases with age. Young people typically have tip-of-the-tongue moments about once each week, while older adults find that they may occur as often as once each day.People often remember partial bits of information. For example, they may remember the letter the word they are searching for begins with or the number of syllables the word contains. Why Do People Experience Tip-of-the-Tongue States? How do researchers explain lethologica? Language is an incredibly complex process. Most of the time, this process takes place so effortlessly that we barely give it a second thought. We think of something, the brain assigns words to represent these abstract ideas, and we speak what is on our minds. But because this process is so complex all kinds of things can go wrong, including the tip of the tongue moments. When it happens, you might feel that the information is there just outside of your grasp. You know that you know the information, but it seems temporarily locked behind some sort of mental brick wall. When something finally does trigger the retrieval of the memory or when someone else offers up the missing information, the relief of those feelings of frustration is palpable. But why does it happen? Researchers believe that a number of factors may play a role, although the exact processes are not entirely clear. Tip-of-the-tongue events are more likely to happen when people are tired, although other features of memory such as how well the information was encoded and the presence of any interfering memories can also have an influence. Metacognitive explanations for the phenomenon suggest that tip-of-the-tongue states serve as a sort of alarm. Like a warning signal in your car, they can alert you to a potential problem that needs to be addressed. According to such theories, tip-of-the-tongue moments are not in and of themselves a problem. Rather, they serve to alert you that there is something going on with the retrieval system and allow you to correct the issue. If you find yourself having this experience repeatedly before an important exam or presentation, you would then know that you might need to study the information more in order to better cement it in your memory. Can You Do Anything to Prevent Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon? Some researchers have found that tip-of-the-tongue states may play an adaptive role in the memory and learning process. Some studies have found that the more time people spend attending to a tip-of-the-tongue experience, the better their learning and memory of that material will be in the future. This suggests that these moments might result in the stronger encoding of the memory, thus making retrieval easier in the future. However, other researchers have found that spending time trying to recall information that seems to be on the tip of your tongue may actually be problematic. While it may be tempting to spend some time struggling to find the answer, psychologists Karin Humphreys and Amy Beth Warriner suggest that the more time you spend trying to remember a word on the tip of your tongue, the more likely that youll struggle with the word again in the future. Youre spinning your tires in the snow, Humphreys explained in an interview with ScienCentral News. Youre digging yourself in deeper. Humphreys own interest in the topic came from personal experience struggling to remember certain words that seemed to continually pose a challenge. This can be incredibly frustratingâ€"you know you know the word, but you just cant quite get it, she explained to McMaster Daily News. And once you have it, it is such a relief that you cant imagine ever forgetting it again. But then you do. So we began thinking about the mechanisms that might underlie this phenomenon. The researchers found that after people enter a tip-of-the-tongue state once, it actually becomes more likely for it to happen again the next time they try to remember that word. Rather than learning the correct word, it seems people actually learn to go into the incorrect state when they try to retrieve the word again. In the study, researchers showed 30 participants questions that they knew, didnt know, or had the answers at the tip of their tongues. For those tip-of-the-tongue answers, participants were then randomly assigned to groups that had either 10 or 30 seconds to come up with a response. The procedure was then repeated two days later. The longer participants spend in that tip-of-the-tongue state, the more likely they were to have the same experience the next time they encountered that word.  The extra time that people spend trying to dredge up the word is what the researchers describe as incorrect practice time. Instead of learning the correct word, people are learning the mistake itself, suggests Humphreys. In a 2015 study published in the journal Cognition, DAngelo and Humphreys found that this recurrence of the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is possibly a result of implicit learning, which involves the learning of complex information in incidental ways without any awareness that it has been learned. What the Research Means The study has important applications for students and educators. During your next study session, focus on looking up the correct answers rather than trying to recall the information. For teachers, the study indicates that it is more beneficial to provide students with the right answer rather than letting them struggle to recall it on their own. How can you prevent future problems following a tip-of-the-tongue event? Warriner and Humphreys have advice. The best way to break the cycle is to repeat the word to yourself, either silently or out loud. This step creates a procedural memory that helps minimize the negative effect of the prior incorrect practice. The good news is that while tip-of-the-tongue states are often learned and tend to reoccur, the incorrect learning can be correct either through resolving the problem spontaneously or by using cues to trigger the retrieval of the information. If youve ever had that elusive answer suddenly pop into your head, often when you were not even trying to think of it, then you have experienced the spontaneous resolution of lethologica. A Word From Verywell The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can be an annoyance, but it might be reassuring to know that it is not necessarily a sign that your memory is failing. Such experiences are common and are, in most cases, merely a source of frustration. Of course, they can sometimes be more serious if you experience such moments during an important exam or in the middle of a critical presentation. Research suggests that the roots of the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon may be multidimensional and linked to different causes. You might be more likely to experience lethologica when youre exhausted, or perhaps your memory of the information was simply weak at best. No matter what the cause, struggling to remember the elusive piece of information may actually make recall more difficult in the future. Instead of struggling to bring forth the memory, simply looking up the answer might actually be a more beneficial way of resolving your next tip-of-the-tongue experience.

Effects Of Technology On Society s Society - 1246 Words

Effects of Technology on Society Many years ago, historians believe the future would be an amazing technologically advanced place filled with robots and time traveling. But today no one seems to be shocked by all of the advancements (Negative Effects of Technology). The computers are controlling minds, and humans are acting more as robots than citizens. Over the last few decades, there has been a dramatic improvement in the development and use of technology. Workplaces have gone from handwritten records to storing all information on computers. Cell phones are available at immediate disposal to contact anyone, friend or foe. But the impact computers and cell phones are leaving on society may not be for the best. There are many benefits and downfalls that the rapid increase of technology has had on society. There are many benefits to using computers. Through computers, information about any topic is available at the immediate disposal to just about anyone. The use of computers in the workplace has also increased productivity (Markgraf). Employees can process information rapidly and distribute it widely at low cost by entering data on computer screens and transmitting it digitally to recipients (â€Å"Technology in society†). Many businesses are using computers to keep records of their customers. For example; banks use computers for maintaining accounts; they even allow customers to access accounts at home through online banking (Rehman). Hospitals also use theShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Technology On Society s Society1092 Words   |  5 PagesWell, how about a day without bullying, depression, and impolite people? Now that is a day most would probably wish for. Society wants to have causes these wretched events, but doesn’t want to accept that what they want is the main ca use of these issues; technology. The lack of interaction that has come along with technology is what is causing severe downfalls in today’s society. This lack of interaction is causing this fall due to its harm of social skills, its harm on people’s enjoyment of lifeRead MoreTechnology s Effect On Society971 Words   |  4 PagesAs People Rely More And More On Technology To Solve Problems, The Ability Of Humans To Think For Themselves Will Surely Deteriorate Technology has always changed world’s face and in one view makes the life easier for humans. In these few decades, technology has a lot of progress and now more than before people live in an electronic jungle. The human’s nature is a powerful engine for people to look for more shortcuts in the life. As the society depends on technology more and more to find an answerRead MoreThe Effects Of Internet Technology On Society s Society Essay903 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effects of Overusing Technology Technology is a powerful tool in today’s society. Most people own some sort of technology and use it on a daily basis, whether it be a cell phone, computer, GPS, or a tablet. Technology helps us in many different ways by being able to complete tasks easier, and be connected to people we cannot see daily. Text messages, emails, apps like Snapchat, Skype, or FaceTime helps us stay connected to people far or near. Wireless internet has allowed internet accessRead MoreTechnology s Negative Effect On Society932 Words   |  4 PagesTechnology’s Negative Effect on Society Mankind has had a yearning for knowledge since the dawn of time, causing giant technological leaps. At the dawn of the new millennium technology thrived, and since then, technology has taken our world in a completely different direction than anyone could have imagined. Just like everything else, people have their own opinions and they either like, or dislike what technology has brought into our lives. If we look at the idea of technology from both sides, it isRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On Society Essay1560 Words   |  7 PagesLike an addict waiting for their next high, society has become more and more dependent on social media. One must realize, while the use of social media in today’s society is a necessity due to the fast-paced environment that has been created, it can never fully replace the value received from personal interaction with others. The short film titled, The Library Book, perfectly illustrates this as the characters within the film learn to assimila te in a society dominated by social media. The actions ofRead MoreA critical analysis of Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury1334 Words   |  6 PagesTechnological Advancements Ray Bradbury s novel, Fahrenheit 451, published in 1953, depicts a grim and also quite feasible prediction of a futuristic world. In Bradbury s technology-obsessed society, a clear view of the horrific effects that a fixation for mindlessness would have on a civilization shows through his writing. Being carefree is encouraged while people who think outside the box are swiftly and effectively removed. The technology Bradbury s society is designed to keep the people uninformedRead MoreTechnology And Its Effect On Society871 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is technology? Is it the tool that propels humanity forward or is technology the cuffs that hold the everyday man from leaving his own comfort. Or is technology more than a tool, more than a mechanical device? Ray Bradbury s Works are known 4 expanding technology and using speculative fiction to reveal the way technology is consuming the everyday person. but what if Ray Bradbury was never talking about technology and its effect on socie ty with society s effect on technology? It is assumedRead MoreThe Horizon s Setting 2020 Strategy1732 Words   |  7 Pagesmost recent two years, specifically inside of the European Commission s Science in Society program, in the Horizon s setting 2020 Strategy. We give a brief verifiable diagram of the idea, and distinguish three particular components that are rising up out of related talks. The principal is an accentuation on the equitable administration of the reasons of exploration and advancement and their introduction towards the right effects . The second is responsiveness, underscoring the joining and regulationRead MoreThe Current State Of Culture And Society1642 Words   |  7 PagesProjections that have been made about how today’s society and culture will look in the coming years, decades, and centuries, all have yet to be seen in how valid they are. If you look in any sort of media: television, social media, or radio/music, you will see people giving their interpretations of what will become of our world down the road. Yet, few people look to see how our the current state of culture and society reflect the projections made by people in previous years, decades, and centuriesRead MoreThe Internet s Effect On State Society Relations979 Words   |  4 PagesThreatened To Reinvent Society† by Tom Vanderbilt. The essay focuses on how the concerns about social effects of the internet and technology existed in the past and today’s situation is not different. Internet, similar to telephone in the past raised some questions regarding the social effects but we don’t have to worry. It opposes the main concept of all other sources regarding effects of technology. The seventh article is, â€Å"Weighing the Scales: The Internet s Effect on State-Society Relations† by Daniel

Educational Program Lecture For Adults Based On Classroom...

This is an observation report on an educational program lecture for adults based on classroom teacher performance. The lecture was delivered by a very skillful teacher. The teacher effectively stimulated the class, by respecting the diversity of the learning environment, the diversity of the class, stayed focused on the lecture, contexts and class objectives. The heart and soul of the lecture was the teacher’s rapport with the students, delivery, audio-visual, video, diversity and interaction between the teacher and students. The teacher realized that learning is dependent on the learner as an individual, and how credible and authentic the teacher’s lecturer is to the person. The teacher evoked the emotions and curiosity in the students to ‘stretch’ their minds using critical thinking, keeping them focused and engaged. The teacher demonstrated the golden rule, â€Å"Tell them what you’re going to tell them, tell them, and tell them what you†™ve told them,† (Brookfield, 2015, p.80). The teacher introduced the objectives, explained the topic, and recapped the lecture. Keywords: teacher, lecture, rapport, audio-visual, classroom environment, respect, interaction OBSERVATION OF AN EDUCATION PROGRAM Before I observed the teacher’s Classical Mythology class, I looked up information about Classical Mythology and demigods during that century. I received the teacher’s Course Syllabus (see Appendix A), Class Schedule, (see Appendix B), CLAS2481.Fall.2016: Quiz 1, (see Appendix C).Show MoreRelatedInnovative Strategies For Adult Nursing Students Essay1645 Words   |  7 Pagesproduction of new knowledge was just not going to cut it. To acquire improved patient outcomes, new knowledge is needed in the classroom and clinical area. These new forms needed to be effectively implemented across all areas of the care team within the same context, and the outcomes needed to be measurable and bring a meaningful impact on the health outcome performances. This is what paved the way for a variety of teaching strategies that instructors could use to improve student learning outcomesRead MoreEssay about Online Education Versus Traditional Education954 Words   |  4 PagesBill Ga tes recently predicted that in five years most colleges will be providing online education. â€Å"The self-motivated learner will be on the Web,† Mr. Gates said, speaking at the Techonomy conference in Lake Tahoe. â€Å"College needs to be less place-based.†(Steve) Online courses allow students to access course content, including reading lists and library materials, at any time. This flexibility of online courses is primarily important for students who have young children, who are caring for ailing orRead MoreTraditional And Distance Learning Programs2283 Words   |  10 Pageshas brought a change in the varied echelons of life, as is evident through the rise of e-commerce and social networking. We have become accustom to the convenience of socializing, working, and learning online. Both traditional and distance learning programs provide eminence education. However, there is much controversy surrounding the quality of education received through distance verses traditi onal learning. By evaluating the differences and similarities between distance and traditional methods ofRead MoreInstructional Technology As A Problem Solving Tool For Students Of All Ages And Learning Styles3026 Words   |  13 Pagesis a scramble to find the golden goose – the key to harmonizing technology and education in order to reach more students and ease the burden of teachers. It becomes more than just an issue of getting technology into the classroom because hundreds of thousands of classrooms already have technology capabilities. It becomes an issue of how to train teachers to use instructional technology and truly integrate it into curriculum. It becomes an issue of how to make technology a problem-solving tool forRead MoreAspects Of Blended Learning : Technology Supports Diverse Classrooms3818 Words   |  16 PagesSupports Diverse Classrooms Blended learning has been a popular topic in education over the past decade. With the rapid advancement of technology in recent years and the ever-increasing demands on teaching staff, there is a scramble to find the golden goose – the key to harmonizing technology and education in order to reach more students and ease the burden of teachers. It becomes more than just an issue of getting technology into the classroom because hundreds of thousands of classrooms already haveRead MoreExample of Hypothesis5164 Words   |  21 PagesCLASSROOM BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS OF FRESHMEN BSHRM STUDENTS OF OLFU IN RELATION TO LECTURE PERFORMANCE Presented to the faculty of the College of The Hospitality and Institutional Management and The College of Arts and Science Our Lady of Fatima University Quezon City In Partial Fulfillment of The requirements in HRES 1 (Research Methodology) By Espejo, Avy Anne Leyson, Elenor A Nucup, Fernando Jr. L Oliver, Joann M. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Foremost, the researchersRead MoreStudent s Choice Of How They Spend Their Leisure Time Will Affect Their Collegiate Gpa1499 Words   |  6 Pages In today’s world, there are many options that allow students to unwind, taking a walk, playing video games, or napping to name a few. These activities have nothing to do with your school work. However, will they make an impact on your performance in the classroom? For my paper topic, I decided to investigate how a student’s choice of how they spend their leisure time will affect their collegiate GPA. This topic is important because we teach students from a very young age what behaviors help themRead MoreSocial Media And Video Games1094 Words   |  5 Pagesthe explosion of technology in society, social media and video games, children today are immersed in technology from a young age. Educators have recognized this cultural change and are implementing changes in the educational system to integrate technology and tools within the classroom and combine technology with curriculum. Having the basic knowledge and ability to successfully use these tools, such as word processing, spreadsheets and presentations are a very important element in today’s learningRead MoreTraditional Classroom Learning Vs. Online Education2355 Words   |  10 PagesEnglish 240 Professor Jawad Ali Traditional Classroom Learning Vs. Online Education Education is becoming one of the most essential things in a person’s life. Nowadays, many individuals are looking to go the extra mile and further their education. This is because numerous employers require a degree and a significant amount of experience in order to become eligible for certain occupations. The next question to consider is how to go about this. Younger adults with minimal responsibilities unquestionablyRead MoreComputer Based Learning4665 Words   |  19 Pagesdiscussion of computer-based learning environments, we have found it useful to describe learning using a framework of three mutually constitutive elements based on these factors which represent the actions and activities of the different elements in the learning process: the learner, the teacher and the learning materials [Herrington Oliver, 1996]. This framework of three elements provides a useful form for considering factors influencing instruction and learning in computer-based environments. It

Ashoka the Great Free Essays

string(136) " Susima planned the execution of the unborn child; however, the assassin who came to kill Devi and her child killed his mother instead\." Ashoka From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia â€Å"Asoka† redirects here. For other uses, see  Ashoka (disambiguation). |Ashoka the Great | |Mauryan  Samrat | |[pic] | |A Chakravatin (possibly Ashoka) first century BC/CE. We will write a custom essay sample on Ashoka the Great or any similar topic only for you Order Now Andhra Pradesh, | |Amaravati. Preserved at Musee Guimet | |Reign |273-232 BC | |Coronation |270 BC | |Full name |Ashoka Bindusara Maurya | |Titles |Samrat. Other titles include Devanampriya Priyadarsi, | | |Dhammarakhit, Dharmarajika, Dhammarajika, Dhammaradnya, | | |Chakravartin, Samrat, Radnyashreshtha, Magadhrajshretha, | | |Magadharajan, Bhupatin, Mauryaraja, Aryashok, Dharmashok, | | |Dhammashok, Asokvadhhan , Ashokavardhan, | | |Prajapita,Dhammanayak, Dharmanayak | |Born |304 BC | |Birthplace |Pataliputra,  Patna | |Died |232 BC (aged 72) | |Place of death |Pataliputra,  Patna | |Buried |Ashes immersed in theGanges  River, possibly | | |atVaranasi,  Cremated  232 BC, less than 24 hours after death | |Predecessor |Bindusara | |Successor |Dasaratha Maurya | |Consort |Maharani Devi | |Wives |Rani  Tishyaraksha | | |Rani  Padmavati | | |Rani  Kaurwaki | |Offspring |Mahendra,Sanghamitra,Teevala, Kunala | |Royal House |Mauryan dynasty | |Father |Bindusara | |Mother |Rani Dharma or Shubhadrangi | |Religious |Buddhism, Humanism | |beliefs | | Ashoka  (Devanagari: ,  IAST:  Asoka,  IPA:  [a o? k? , 304–232 BC), popularly known as  Ashoka the Great, was an  Indian  emperor  of the  Maurya Dynasty  who ruled almost all of the  Indian subcontinent  from 269 BC to 232 BC. One of India’s greatest emperors, Ashoka reigned over most of present-day India after a number of military conquests. His empire stretched from present-dayPakistan,  Afghanistan  in the west, to the present-day  Bangladesh  and the Indian state of  Assam  in the east, and as far south as northern  Kerala  andAndhra. He conquered the kingdom named  Kalinga, which no one in his dynasty had conquered starting from  Chandragupta Maurya. His reign was headquartered in  Magadha  (present-day  Bihar, India). 1] He embraced  Buddhism  from the prevalentVedic  tradition after witnessing the mass deaths of the  war of Kalinga, which he himself had waged out of a desire for conquest. He was later dedicated to the propagation of Buddhism across  Asia  and established monuments marking several significant sites in the life of  Gautama Buddha. Ashoka was a devotee of  ahimsa  (nonviolence),  love,  truth,tolerance  and  vegetarianism. Ashoka is remembered in history as a  philanthropicadministrator. In the  history of India  Ashoka is referred to as  Samraat  Chakravartin  Ashoka- the Emperor of Emperors  Ashoka. His name â€Å"asoka† means â€Å"without sorrow† inSanskrit  (a= no/without, soka= sorrow or worry). In his  edicts, he is referred to as Devanampriya (Devanagari: )/Devana? iya  or â€Å"The Beloved Of The Gods†, and Priyadarsin (Devanagari: )/Piyadassi  or â€Å"He who regards everyone with affection†. Another title of his is Dhamma (prakrit: ), â€Å"Lawful, Religious, Righteous†. Renowned  British  author and  social critic  H. G. Wells  in his bestselling two-volume work,  The Outline of History  (1920), wrote of emperor Ashoka: In the history of the world there have been thousands of kings and emperors who called themselves ‘their highnesses,’ ‘their majesties,’ and ‘their exalted majesties’ and so on. They shone for a brief moment, and as quickly disappeared. But Ashoka shines and shines brightly like a bright star, even unto this day. Along with the  Edicts of Ashoka, his legend is related in the later second century  Asokavadana(â€Å"Narrative of Asoka†) and  Divyavadana  (â€Å"Divine narrative†), and in the  Sri Lankan  text  Mahavamsa(â€Å"Great Chronicle†). After two thousand years, the influence of Ashoka is seen in  Asia  and especially the  Indian subcontinent. An emblem excavated from his empire is today the national  Emblem of India. In the  History of Buddhism  Ashoka is considered just afterGautama Buddha. |Contents | |  [show] | Biography Early life |[pic] |This article  needs additional  citations  for  verification. | | |Please help  improve this article  by adding  reliable references. Unsourced | | |material may be  challenged  and  removed. (January 2009) | Ashoka was born to the  Mauryan  emperor  Bindusara  and his Queen ‘Dharma’ (although she was a  Brahmin  or Shubhadrangi, she was undervalued as she wasn’t of royal blood). Ashoka had several elder siblings (all half-brothers from other wives of Bindusara). He had just one younger sibling, Vitthashoka (a much loved brother from the same mother). Because of his exemplary intellect and warrior skills, he was said to have been the favorite of his grandfather  Chandragupta Maurya. As the legend goes, when Chandragupta Maurya left his empire for a  Jain  living, he threw his  sword  away. Ashoka ound the sword and kept it, in spite of his grandfather’s warning. Ashoka, in his adolescence, was rude and naughty. He was a fearsome hunter. He was akshatriya  and was given all royal military trainings and other  Vedic  knowledge. According to a legend, he killed a Lion with just a wooden rod. Ashoka was very well known for his sword fighting. He was very adventurous and this made him a terrific fighter. Ashoka was a frightening warrior and a heartless general. Because of this quality he was sent to destroy the riot of  Avanti. Rise to power [pic] [pic] Maurya Empire  at the age of Ashoka. The empire stretched from  Iran  to  Bangladesh/Assam  and from  Central Asia  (Afganistan) to  Tamil Nadu/South India. Developing into an impeccable warrior general and a shrewd statesman, Ashoka went on to command several regiments of the Mauryan army. His growing popularity across the empire made his elder brothers wary of his chances of being favored by  Bindusarato become the next emperor. The eldest of them,  Susima, the traditional heir to the throne, persuaded Bindusara to send Ashoka to quell an uprising inTaxshila, a city in the north-west District of Pakistani Punjab region, for which Prince Susima was the Governor. Taxshila was a highly volatile place because of the war-like Indo-Greek population and mismanagement by Susima himself. This had led to the formation of different militias causing unrest. Ashoka complied and left for the troubled area. As news of Ashoka’s visit with his army trickled in, he was welcomed by the revolting militias and the uprising ended without a conflict. (The province revolted once more during the rule of Ashoka, but this time the uprising was crushed with an iron fist) Ashoka’s success made his stepbrothers more wary of his intentions of becoming the emperor and more incitements from Susima led Bindusara to send Ashoka into exile. He went intoKalinga  and stayed there incognito. There he met a fisher woman named  Kaurwaki, with whom he fell in love. Recently found inscriptions indicate that she would later become either his second or third queen. Meanwhile, there was again a violent uprising in  Ujjain. Emperor Bindusara summoned Ashoka out of exile after two years. Ashoka went into Ujjain and in the ensuing battle was injured, but his generals quelled the uprising. Ashoka was treated in hiding so that loyalists of the Susima group could not harm him. He was treated by  Buddhist  monks and nuns. This is where he first learned the teachings of the  Buddha, and it is also where he met Devi, who was his personal nurse and the daughter of a merchant from adjacent Vidisha. After recovering, he married her. It was quite unacceptable to Bindusara that one of his sons should marry a Buddhist, so he did not allow Ashoka to stay in  Pataliputra  but instead sent him back to Ujjain and made him the governor of Ujjain. The following year passed quite peacefully for him, and Devi was about to deliver his first child. In the meanwhile, Emperor Bindusara died. As the news of the unborn heir to the throne spread, Prince Susima planned the execution of the unborn child; however, the assassin who came to kill Devi and her child killed his mother instead. You read "Ashoka the Great" in category "Papers" Ashoka beheads his elder brother to ascend the throne. In this phase of his life, Ashoka was known for his unquenched thirst for wars and campaigns launched to conquer the lands of other rulers and became known as Chandashok (terrible Ashoka), the Sanskrit word  chanda  meaning cruel, fierce, or rude,  Chandi-devi being associated with  Kali. Ascending the throne, Ashoka expanded his empire over the next eight years, from the present-day boundaries and regions of  Burma–Bangladesh  and the state of  Assam  in India in the east to the territory of present-day  Iran  /  Persia  and  Afghanistan  in the west; from the  Pamir  Knots in the north almost to the peninsular of  southern India  (i. e. Tamilnadu  /  Andhra pradesh). Conquest of Kalinga Main article:  Kalinga War While the early part of Ashoka’s reign was apparently quite bloodthirsty, he became a follower of the  Buddha’s teaching after his conquest of Kalinga on the east coast of India in the present-day state of  Orissa. Kalinga was a state that prided itself on its sovereignty and democracy. With its monarchical parliamentary democracy it was quite an exception in ancient Bharata where there existed the concept of  Rajdharma. Rajdharma means the duty of the rulers, which was intrinsically entwined with the concept of bravery and  Kshatriya  dharma. The pretext for the start of the  Kalinga War  (265 BC or 263 BC) is uncertain. One of Susima’s brothers might have fled to Kalinga and found official refuge there. This enraged Ashoka immensely. He was advised by his ministers to attack Kalinga for this act of treachery. Ashoka then asked Kalinga’s royalty to submit before his supremacy. When they defied this diktat, Ashoka sent one of his generals to Kalinga to make them submit. The general and his forces were, however, completely routed through the skilled tact of Kalinga’s commander-in-chief. Ashoka, baffled at this defeat, attacked with the greatest invasion ever recorded in Indian history until then. Kalinga put up a stiff resistance, but they were no match for Ashoka’s brutal strength. The whole of Kalinga was plundered and destroyed. Ashoka’s later edicts state that about 100,000 people were killed on the Kalinga side and 10,000 from Ashoka’s army. Thousands of men and women were deported. Buddhist conversion |[pic] |This article  needs additional  citations  for  verification. | | |Please help  improve this article  by adding  reliable references. Unsourced | | |material may be  challenged  and  removed. (March 2009) | [pic] [pic] A similar four â€Å"Indian lion† Lion Capital of Ashoka atop an ntact  Ashoka Pillar  at Wat U Mong near Chiang Mai,  Thailandshowing another larger  Dharma Chakra  /Ashoka Chakra  atop the four lions thought to be missing in the Lion Capital of Ashoka at  Sarnath Museum  which has been adopted as the  National Emblem of India. As the legend goes, one day after the war was over, Ashok a ventured out to roam the city and all he could see were burnt houses and scattered corpses. This sight made him sick and he cried the famous monologue: What have I done? If this is a victory, what’s a defeat then? Is this a victory or a defeat? Is this justice or injustice? Is it gallantry or a rout? Is it valor to kill innocent children and women? Do I do it to widen the empire and for prosperity or to destroy the other’s kingdom and splendor? One has lost her husband, someone else a father, someone a child, someone an unborn infant†¦. What’s this debris of the corpses? Are these marks of victory or defeat? Are these vultures, crows, eagles the messengers of death or evil? The brutality of the conquest led him to adopt Buddhism and he used his position to propagate the relatively new religion to new heights, as far as ancient Rome and Egypt. He made Buddhism his state religion around 260 BC, and propagated it and preached it within his domain and worldwide from about 250 BC. Emperor Ashoka undoubtedly has to be credited with the first serious attempt to develop a Buddhist policy. [pic] [pic] Ashokan Pillar at  Vaishali Prominent in this cause were his son VenerableMahindra  and daughter  Sanghamitra  (whose name means â€Å"friend of the Sangha†), who established Buddhism in Ceylon (now  Sri Lanka). He built thousands of Stupas and Viharas for Buddhist followers. The Stupas of Sanchi are world famous and the stupa named  Sanchi Stupa  was built by Emperor Ashoka. During the remaining portion of Ashoka’s reign, he pursued an official policy of  nonviolence  (ahimsa). Even the unnecessary slaughter or mutilation of people was immediately abolished. Everyone became protected by the king’s  law  against sport hunting and branding. Limited hunting was permitted for consumption reasons but Ashoka also promoted the concept of vegetarianism. Ashoka also showed mercy to those imprisoned, allowing them leave for the outside a day of the year. He attempted to raise the professional ambition of the common man by building universities for study, and water transit and irrigation systems for trade and agriculture. He treated his subjects as equals regardless of their religion, politics and caste. The kingdoms surrounding his, so easily overthrown, were instead made to be well-respected allies. He is acclaimed for constructing hospitals for animals and renovating major roads throughout India. After this transformation, Ashoka came to be known as Dhammashoka (Sanskrit), meaning Ashoka, the follower of Dharma. Ashoka defined the main principles of dharma (dhamma) as nonviolence, tolerance of all sects and opinions, obedience to parents, respect for the Brahmans and other religious teachers and priests, liberality towards friends, humane treatment of servants, and generosity towards all. These principles suggest a general ethic of behaviour to which no religious or social group could object. Some critics say that Ashoka was afraid of more wars, but among his neighbors, including theSeleucid Empire  and the Greco-Bactrian kingdom established by  Diodotus I, none could match his strength. He was a contemporary of both  Antiochus I Soter  and his successor  Antiochus II Theos  of the Seleucid dynasty as well as  Diodotus I  and his son  Diodotus II  of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom. If his inscriptions and edicts are well studied one finds that he was familiar with the Hellenic world but never in awe of it. His edicts, which talk of friendly relations, give the names of both Antiochus of the Seleucid empire and  Ptolemy III  of  Egypt. The fame of theMauryan  empire was widespread from the time that Ashoka’s grandfather  Chandragupta Mauryadefeated  Seleucus Nicator, the founder of the Seleucid Dynasty. [pic] [pic] Stupa of  Sanchi. The source of much of our knowledge of Ashoka is the many inscriptions he had carved on pillars and rocks throughout the empire. Emperor Ashoka is known as Piyadasi (in  Pali) or Priyadarshi (in  Sanskrit) meaning â€Å"good looking† or â€Å"favored by the gods with good blessing†. All his inscriptions have the imperial touch and show compassionate loving. He addressed his people as his â€Å"children†. These inscriptions promoted Buddhist morality and encouraged nonviolence and adherence to Dharma (duty or proper behavior), and they talk of his fame and conquered lands as well as the neighboring kingdoms holding up his might. One also gets some primary information about the Kalinga War and Ashoka’s allies plus some useful knowledge on the civil administration. The Ashoka Pillar at  Sarnath  is the most popular of the relics left by Ashoka. Made of sandstone, this pillar records the visit of the emperor to Sarnath, in the third century BC. It has a four-lion capital (four lions standing back to back) which was adopted as the emblem of the modern Indian republic. The lion symbolizes both Ashoka’s imperial rule and the kingship of the  Buddha. In translating these monuments, historians learn the bulk of what is assumed to have been true fact of the Mauryan Empire. It is difficult to determine whether or not some actual events ever happened, but the stone etchings clearly depict how Ashoka wanted to be thought of and remembered. Ashoka’s own words as known from his  Edicts  are: â€Å"All men are my children. I am like a father to them. As every father desires the good and the happiness of his children, I wish that all men should be happy always. Edward D’Cruz interprets the Ashokan dharma as a â€Å"religion to be used as a symbol of a new imperial unity and a cementing force to weld the diverse and heterogeneous elements of the empire†. Also, in the Edicts, Ashoka mentions Hellenistic kings of the period as converts to Buddhism, although no Hellenic historical record of this event remain: The conquest by  Dharma  has been won here, on the borders, and even six hundred  yojanas  (5,400–9,600 km) away, where the Greek king  Antiochos  rules, beyond there where the four kings named  Ptolemy,  Antigonos,  Magas  andAlexander  rule, likewise in the south among the  Cholas, the  Pandyas, and as far as  Tamraparni  (Sri Lanka). —Edicts of Ashoka,  Rock Edict  13 (S. Dhammika) Ashoka also claims that he encouraged the development of  herbal medicine, for human and nonhuman animals, in their territories: Everywhere within Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi’s [Ashoka’s] domain, and among the people beyond the borders, the  Cholas, the  Pandyas, the Satiyaputras, the Keralaputras, as far as  Tamraparni  and where the Greek king  Antiochos  rules, and among the kings who are neighbors of Antiochos, everywhere has Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, made provision for two types of medical treatment: medical treatment for humans and medical treatment for animals. Wherever medical herbs suitable for humans or animals are not available, I have had them imported and grown. Wherever medical roots or fruits are not available I have had them imported and grown. Along roads I have had wells dug and trees planted for the benefit of humans and animals. —Edicts of Ashoka,  Rock Edict  2 The Greeks in India even seem to have played an active role in the propagation of Buddhism, as some of the emissaries of Ashoka, such as  Dharmaraksita, are described in  Pali  sources as leading Greek (Yona) Buddhist monks, active in spreading Buddhism (the  Mahavamsa, XII[2]). Death and legacy Ashoka ruled for an estimated forty years. After his death, the Mauryan dynasty lasted just fifty more years. Ashoka had many wives and children, but many of their names are lost to time. Mahindra  and  Sanghamitra  were twins born by his first wife, Devi, in the city of  Ujjain. He had entrusted to them the job of making his state religion, Buddhism, more popular across the known and the unknown world. Mahindra  and  Sanghamitra  went into  Sri Lanka  and converted the King, the Queen and their people to Buddhism. They were naturally not handling state affairs after him. In his old age, he seems to have come under the spell of his youngest wife  Tishyaraksha. It is said that she had got his son  Kunala, the regent in  Takshashila, blinded by a wily  stratagem. The official executioners spared Kunala and he became a wandering singer accompanied by his favourite wife  Kanchanmala. In  Pataliputra, Ashoka hears Kunala’s song, and realizes that Kunala’s misfortune may have been a punishment for some past sin of the emperor himself and condemns Tishyaraksha to death, restoring Kunala to the court. Kunala was succeeded by his son,  Samprati, but his rule did not last long after Ashoka’s death. The reign of Ashoka Maurya could easily have disappeared into history as the ages passed by, and would have had he not left behind a record of his trials. The testimony of this wise king was discovered in the form of magnificently sculpted pillars and boulders with a variety of actions and teachings he wished to be published etched into the stone. What Ashoka left behind was the first written language in India since the ancient city of  Harappa. The language used for inscription was the then current spoken form called  Prakrit. In the year 185 BC, about fifty years after Ashoka’s death, the last Maurya ruler,  Brhadrata, was assassinated by the commander-in-chief of the Mauryan armed forces,  Pusyamitra Sunga, while he was taking the Guard of Honor of his forces. Pusyamitra Sunga founded the  Sunga dynasty(185 BC-78 BC) and ruled just a fragmented part of the Mauryan Empire. Many of the northwestern territories of the Mauryan Empire (modern-day Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan) became the  Indo-Greek Kingdom. When India gained independence from the  British Empire  it adopted Ashoka’s emblem for its own, placing the  Dharmachakra  (The Wheel of Righteous Duty) that crowned his many columns on the  flag  of the newly independent state. In 1992, Ashoka was ranked #53 on  Michael H. Hart’s  list of the most influential figures in history. In 2001, a semi-fictionalized portrayal of Ashoka’s life was produced as a motion picture under the title  Asoka. King Ashoka, the third monarch of the Indian Mauryan dynasty, has come to be regarded as one of the most exemplary rulers in world history. The British historian H. G. Wells has written: â€Å"Amidst the tens of thousands of names of monarchs that crowd the columns of history †¦ the name of Asoka shines, and shines almost alone, a star. â€Å" How to cite Ashoka the Great, Papers

Learning Outcomes

Question: Write an essay on "Critical Thinking and Managerial Decision-Making". Answer: Introduction The course was a great learning experience for me. The contents of the course will not only help me in decision-making but would also support me in my day to day life. The capacity to think rationally and clearly with a focused vision makes a huge difference in the results. The skills of critical thinking are not just confined to a particular subject or any one area, but it has a much broader perspective. It can be effectively implemented in several decision-making situations and could result in a better and a much efficient outcome. The approach helps in analysing the situation not on assumptions, but based on the facts, observations and experiences and thus reaching an appropriate conclusion. Learning Outcomes Any decision-making process is initiated by two types of thinking. These are automatic and critical thinking. I would admit that before taking the course, I used to take my decisions based on the assumptions in lesser time for which I may have to repent later. But now I strongly analyse the situation based on the critical thinking and subsequently reach any decision. The analysis takes more time, but the final decision is definitely a better one with lesser flaws. The ten tools of clarity and the inductive and deductive thinking helps me in analysing different situations (Hoeksema, 2010). The vital difference that I observe in myself is taking decisions based on experiences, facts and observations rather than assumptions. The ten tools of clarity act as a vital parameter for critical thinking. It lays emphasis on utilising the experiences and further staying focused. Further, it lays emphasis on inspection and its purpose. The other tools discuss the significance and the need. The to ols also talk about foreseeing and devising a backup plan. An ingredient diagram is also prepared for the analysis of the situation. This gives a better picture of the current scenario and the conclusions. Vision also acts as a crucial tool for evaluation and may be used initially as well as in the later stage. This helps in setting the goals and objectives. The thinking coach is the last tool for clarity used during evaluation. The Prospect Theory as proposed by Kahneman and Tversky in the year 1979 also discusses the behavioural aspect of the decision maker who escalates between the alternatives available (Muralidhar, 2006). The decision-making procedures may vary depending on the different situations. They may be simple, complex, complicated, chaotic and unclear. Decisions can be made easily if there is a single person responsible. However, it becomes difficult to delegate one person for decision making. It is very crucial to identify the needs before taking the decision. Risk as sessment is also vital before reaching the decision. It is also studied that self-awareness is the key to good leadership. It is very important to know personal Feelings, attitudes, motives, strengths, weaknesses, and desires. The Johari Window proposed by Luft and Ingham in 1955 is a technique to understand the connection with oneself and others (Shenton, 2007). Self-esteem and self-efficacy are two terms associated with self-awareness. The concept of emotional intelligence cannot be ignored while discussing the self-awareness. The theory of Games and Economic behaviour was proposed by Neumann and Morgenstern in the year 1944. The various situations, conditions of the players and other parameters are evaluated in the theory (Einy Shitovitz, 2003). Psychological contracts were also an important part of learning in the course. They are beliefs laid on promises, related to an exchange agreement between a person and the organisation. There are six features of these contracts. They are a voluntary choice, trust in agreement, multiple contract makers, incompleteness, managing the losses in case of failures and the contract acting as the model of the employment contract (Ellis, 2007). The psychological contracts can be classified into three different types. These are relational, transactional and hybrid contracts. The relational contract is based on trust and loyalty from both the parties. In the transactional contracts both the parties are restricted to the terms and condition. The hybrid contract is a perfect balance of the relational and the transactional contracts. However, the most important part of the contract is that it is successful where both parties are contented at the end. Today, I am not only confident about my own decision, but I am also able to influence others in decision making. Critical thinking has turned out to be beneficial for me in many aspects. While evaluating any situation, I reach a conclusion by implementing the basic components of refl ective thinking which are a reflection, analysis and the planning (Murdoch, 2010). It is not just confined to any particular area of management, finance, research, education or legal professions, but it can be utilised to solve our personal problems related to our day to day lives also. The evaluative approach not only helps in analyzing the situation considering all the parameters but also helps in reaching the most appropriate conclusion. In the present era of globalisation where the economies are guided by the information and technology, it becomes very crucial for individuals to tackle the changes effectively. There is a higher demand for people possessing flexible intellectual skills and their ability to gather information and scrutinise it critically to reach a substantial decision which proves to be beneficial for everyone. Since critical thinking helps in developing such skills, it is also required by companies at their workplaces. Needless to say, this skill has helped me i n gaining a lot of confidence due to the improved skills. My personality has evolved from earlier, and I have become an altogether new person due to these skills. It has helped me in improving my language and expression of ideas. I have acquired better presentation skills, and people listen to me with much more interest. I have become a much more creative person than I was before. The innovative approaches of reaching solutions and justifying them with facts and figures have made me a better speaker with people having trust in me. It also acts as an efficient tool for self-evaluation. It helps me in working on my weak points and finally improving them for a better outcome. My entire overview of presuming things and further acting on them has changed. The critical thinking exercise of analyzing problems has given me a different perspective (Hannel Hannel, 1998). I have developed a skill of coming up with multiple apt solutions for problems which help me in reaching a viable decision . I have learned to carry my feelings and expressions in a better manner and not influenced by others. I have also become a more emotionally intelligent person (Austin, 2002). The video diary experience had also given me many learning outcomes. It is a perfect reflective process and a very good stress buster. Every time I watch the video, I relive the entire experience again. It is much more emotional and more healing than writing. It is observed that it is powerfully therapeutic about going through the past experiences with own eyes after so many years. Additionally, it is much easier as compared to writing. The video could be stored for years and would give the same feel, even after watching it after so long. It also helps in improving my communication skills. I can easily catch my flaws in communication while watching the video diary and can work on overcoming them. Conclusion The course module was a great learning experience indeed. It not only increased my knowledge frame but also transformed me into a new person. The skills learned all through the course would help me in my future endeavours. I would not only utilize them at my work but also in my personal life. The critical thinking has given me a new perspective of taking things and ways of handling them. I do not panic over problems now and have become a much calmer person than I was before. I would definitely use my enhanced presentation skills in my workplace for better results. In the end, I would conclude that the course has changed my way of taking things to a great extent. References Austin, E. (2002). Emotional Intelligence in Everyday Life.Intelligence,30(4), 393-394. Einy, E. Shitovitz, B. (2003). Symmetric von NeumannMorgenstern stable sets in pure exchange economies.Games And Economic Behavior,43(1), 28-43. Ellis, J. (2007). Psychological Contracts: Does Work Status Affect Perceptions of Making and Keeping Promises?.Management Communication Quarterly,20(4), 335-362. Hannel, G. Hannel, L. (1998). The Seven Steps to Critical Thinking: A Practical Application Of Critical Thinking Skills.NASSP Bulletin,82(598), 87-93. Hoeksema, J. (2010). Peering belowground with increasing clarity: elucidating belowground processes with cutting-edge tools.Plant Soil,331(1-2), 1-3. Muralidhar, A. (2006). Modern Prospect Theory: The Missing Link Between Modern Portfolio Theory and Prospect Theory.SSRN Electronic Journal. Murdoch, D. (2010). Self-Directed Learning Needs Critical Thinking Component.Women In Higher Education,19(3), 25-25. Shenton, A. (2007). Viewing information needs through a Johari Window.Reference Services Review, 35(3), 487-496.