What Do SAT Subscores Mean Expert Guide

What Do SAT Subscores Mean Expert Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips On first glance, your SAT score report may look completely confusing. Altogether, you’ll get a total of 15 distinct scores, or 18 if you take the essay section! While the scores are numerous, they're also helpful. They put your results under the microscope andgive you detailed feedback about your performance. This guide will demystify all these test scores, cross-test scores, and subscores so you can make the most out of yourSAT score report. Let’s start with a glossary to help you keep track of all the different score types. SAT Score Types: A Glossary These are all the scores that you'll get on your SAT score report. You'll also find out what percentiles your scores represent, or how you did compared to other test-takers in your grade. Total score:your two section scores added together. Section scores:your Math score and your Evidence-Based Reading and Writing score from 200 - 800. Test scores:your Reading, Writing and Language, and Math scores; range from 10 to 40. SAT essay scores:three scores for Reading, Analysis, and Writing, each between 2 and 8. Cross-test scores:a score for Analysis in History/Social Studies and a score for Analysis in Science, both between 10 and 40. Subscores:four subscores for skill areas in Reading and Writing and three for skill areas in Math; range between 1 and 15. As you can see, there are several score types with various scales. But how do these score types add up to 15 (or 18 with the essay) scores? Check out the chart below for the full breakdown. SAT Score Ranges: Full Breakdown # of Scores Score Type Description Score Range 1 Total score Sum of the two section scores 400-1600 2 Section scores Evidence-based Reading and Writing + Math 200-800 3 Test scores Reading, Writing and Language, and Math 10-40 3 SAT Essay scores Reading, Analysis, and Writing 2 - 8 2 Cross-test scores Analysis in History/Social Studies and Analysis in Science. These scores are based on selected questions in all three sections. 10-40 7 Subscores From Evidence-based Reading and Writing: Command of Evidence, Words in Context,Expression of Ideas, and Standard English Conventions. From Math: Heart of Algebra, Problem Solving and Data Analysis, and Passport to Advanced Math. 1-15 The most important scores for college and the ones with which you’re probably most familiar are your section and total scores. A perfect total score is 1600, and an average SAT scorefalls somewhere around 1000. Regardingsections, perfect section scores are 800, and average section scores fall around 500. While the new SAT scale should be relatively familiar tomost students, the cross-test scores and subscores are a bit unusual. Let’s take a closer look at what exactly these scores measure and why they’re important to understand. Like a weird hybrid pluot (plum + apricot), cross-test scores select from across sections to bring you an entirely new speciesof score. What Are SAT Cross-Test Scores? Cross-test scores represent your performance on questions across all three sections, Reading, Writing and Language, and Math. College Board categorizes questions into certain skill areas. The two skill areas that you need to know about to understand cross-test scores are called Analysis in History/Social Studies and Analysis in Science. You might be surprised to learn that there are questions in Reading, Writing and Language, and Math that are considered to measure your Analysis in History/Social Studies andAnalysis in Science skills. These skill areas aren’t limited to one section, but rather pop up across the entire SAT. In reading, Analysis in History/Social or Analysis in Science questions tend to be those based on History/Social Studies or Science passages, respectively. The same goes for the questions in Writing and Language. As for Math, these questions tend tobe word problems or data interpretation questions based on graphics. Here are a few example problems to show you which questions College Board categories as Analysis in History/Social Studies or Science. These sample questionsfrom Reading are allconsidered to test yourAnalysis in History/Social Studies skills. This example from Writing and Language is categorized as Analysis in Science. This example from Math is considered to be an Analysis in History/Social Studies question. You can find more examples by taking a look at the scoring guidesto College Board’s free official SAT practice tests. Not only do they help you score your sections, but they also mark the questions that fall into these two skills categories. That way you can calculate your own cross-test scores as you grade your SAT practice tests. I’ll explain how to do this in more detail below, but first, let’s take a look at the other new score type on the SAT, subscores. SAT subscores are like a photo taken with a macro lens; they reveal your performance in close, sharp detail. What Are SAT Subscores? SAT subscores, like cross-test scores, measure your performance on questions that fall into certain skill areas. Unlike cross-test scores, subscores don’t mix and match questions between all three sections. You’ll get subscores for questions inMath and subscores for questions in Evidence-based Reading and Writing. You’ll get seven SAT subscores. In Math, your subscores will measure these skill areas: Heart of Algebra, Problem Solving and Data Analysis, and Passport to Advanced Math. In Evidence-based Reading and Writing, your subscores will measure Expression of Ideas, Standard English Conventions, Words in Context, and Command of Evidence. Of course, you’re not expected to know automatically which questions fall into which skill areas. Let’s take a moment to define each. You can also check out ourmore detailed guides with sample questions for each section and skill area. What Are the Seven Subscore Skill Areas? First, we’ll consider the three skill areas in Math, followed by the four skill areas in Evidence-based Reading and Writing. #1: Heart of Algebra. These math questions ask you to solve linear equation and linear inequalities, interpret linear functions, and solve linear equation, inequality, or function word problems. #2: Problem Solving and Data Analysis. These math questions ask you to calculate rates, ratios, and percentages, interpret scatterplots and tables, and draw conclusions from collections of data. #3: Passport to Advanced Math. These questions ask you to solve quadratic equations, interpret nonlinear expressions, interpret nonlinear equation graphs, solve operations with polynomials, and solve quadratic and exponential word problems. #4: Expression of Ideas. These (typically Writing) questions ask you to make word choice or structural changes to improve a passage’s organization or impact. #5: Standard English Conventions: These (typically Writing) questions ask about grammar, usage, sentence structure, and punctuation. #6: Words in Context. In Reading, these questions ask you to interpret the meaning of a word or phrase or determine how word choice shapes meaning, style, and tone. In Writing, they ask you to add or change a word to improve meaning. #7: Command of Evidence. These questions are varied. In Reading, they may ask you to state your evidence for your answer to a previous question or to identify how an author uses evidence to support her claims. In Writing, these questions typically ask you to improve the way a passage develops information and ideas. In both sections, they might ask about the relationship between a passage and its accompanying informational graphic. All of these subscores, along with the cross-test scores and other score types discussed, will show up on your SAT score report. However, they’re not for your eyes only. Your prospective colleges that you’ve indicated as score recipients will also get to see all your scores. These score types are new this year, so how are colleges going to use them as they evaluate you as an applicant? Just how crucial are your cross-test scores and subscores for college? As it stands now, not very. How Do Colleges Use Your SAT Cross-Test Scores and Subscores? According to College Board, your detailed score report is great at â€Å"highlighting your strengths and showing colleges that you’ve been building the skills and knowledge you need for college and career.† They’re meant to show that you have skills like Analysis in Science and Command of Evidence to do well in college courses and life in general after high school. At this point, though, it doesn’t appear that your cross-test or subscores are particularly important for colleges. Many colleges are still catching up to the changes in the new SAT and figuring out which test they’ll accept for Class of 2017 and Class of 2018 students. For now, your section and total scores remain the most important metric for applying to college and determining whether your SAT scores make you a competitive applicant. Even though these cross-test scores and subscores don’t seem particularly important for college yet, they can still play a very influentialrole in your SAT prep. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! How Are SAT Cross-Test Scores and Subscores Useful? It may be tempting to look past these cross-test scores and subscores as unimportant, but they can actually be quite useful as feedback for your SAT prep. If you’re retaking the SAT, then you can use these scores to figure out your strengths and weaknesses as a test-taker. If you haven’t taken the SAT yet, then you can calculate these scores on your SAT practice tests to get the same information. For instance, you may be looking to raise your EBRW score. Your subscores may show that you’re solid on Expression of Ideas questions, but need to study grammar and usage rules to do better on Standard English Conventions questions. On Math, you may be strong onquestions in Heart of Algebra and Passport to Advanced Math questions, but need to focus your prep on Problem Solving and Data Analysis problems. Your cross-test scores and subscores point out the question types and skill areas that you should study to maximize your improvement for next time. As mentioned above, you don’t have to wait until you take the official SAT to get this kind of feedback. You can take the time to calculate your cross-test scores and subscores on your own from SAT practice tests. Figuring out your cross-test scores and subscores can be time-consuming, but it's well worth it if you're prepping for the SAT. How to Calculate Your Cross-Test Scores and Subscores from Practice Tests To score your practice tests, you can consult their accompanying scoring guide. As it turns out, the guidealso labels the questions that fall into the various skill areas pertinent to cross-test scores and subscores, like Analysis in Science, Words in Context, and Heart of Algebra. For instance, this example is taken from the scoring guideto College Board's SAT Practice Test 1 and tells you which questions fall into the Analysis in History/Social Studies and Analysis in Science skills categories: First, you use your practice test'sscoring guide to identify the relevant questions in a skill area. Then you calculate your raw score by simply adding one point for every correct answer. If you’re calculating your raw score for Words in Context questions, for example, then you would locate these questions with the help of the scoring guide and answer keyand add one point for every one you answered correctly. Then you can consult official conversion tables to convert your raw scores into scale scores. As you read above, your cross-test scores get converted into a scale from 10 to 40. Your subscores get converted to a scale between 1 and 15. Below are the cross-test score and subscore conversion tables provided by College Board. SAT Cross-Test Score Conversion Table (10 - 40) SAT Subscore Conversion Table (10 - 15) For an even more detailed list of step by step instructions for calculating your cross-test scores and subscores, you should consult ourcomprehensive guide on SAT scoring. While this process may feel a bit tedious and time-consuming, it can really be worth it. These scores can give you invaluable insight into your strengths and weaknesses as a test-taker and help you prep smarter for your next test. To Sum Up†¦ Your SAT score report may look like a bunch of confusing numbers at first, but hopefully, now you understand what all those scores mean. Your total scores will fall between 400 and 1600. Your section scores for Math and Evidence-based Reading and Writing range between 200 and 800. Your cross-test scores and subscores dig deeper into your performance, revealing how well you did on specific skill areas and question types. Cross-test scores, as their name indicates, sample questions across all three subjects. Subscores shed light on questions from Math and Evidence-based Reading and Writing. While these specific scores don’t seem to be particularly important for colleges yet, they will appear on your SAT score reports and be visible to admissions officers. For now, they’re most useful as feedback for your skills as a test-taker and areas for growth. Whether you’re looking at your official SAT score report or grading your own practice tests, you should take the time to interpret these scores. The insight they reveal into your strengths and weaknesses can be invaluable feedback as you sharpen your skills for the SAT. What’s Next? At this point, all students will be taking the redesigned SAT.If you're one of them, check out our comprehensive guide on how to study for the new SAT. You can also find lots of helpful strategies and study tip by section here. Just as cross-test scores and subscores can help you study in the most effective way, so too can taking the time to analyze your mistakes. Check out this guide to learn why studying your mistakes is the secret to boosting your scores and how to do it in the most effective way. Are you wondering how many hours of prep time you need to achieve your target scores? This 6 step guide helps you figure out exactly how long you need to study for the SAT to meet your goals. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

A Brief History of the Dragon Boat Festival

A Brief History of the Dragon Boat Festival The Dragon Boat Festival is called Duan Wu Jie in Chinese. Jie means festival.  The most popular theory of the origin of the festival is that it was derived from the  commemoration of a great patriot poet,  Qu Yuan. Since some of the well-known traditions of the festival existed even before Qu Yuan, other origins of the festival have also been suggested. Wen Yiduo suggested that the festival may be closely  associated with dragons  because two of its  most important activities, boat racing and eating zongzi, have ties to dragons. Another view is that the festival  originated from the taboo of evil days. The fifth month of the Chinese lunar calendar is traditionally considered an evil month and the fifth of the month is particularly a bad day, so a lot of taboo had been developed. Most likely, the festival was gradually derived from all of the above,  and the story of Qu Yuan adds to the allure of the festival today. The Legend of the Festival Like other Chinese festivals, there is also a legend behind the festival. Qu Yuan served in the court of Emperor Huai during the Warring States Period (475 - 221 BC). He was a wise and erudite man. His ability and fight against corruption antagonized other court officials. They exerted their evil influence on the emperor, so the emperor gradually dismissed Qu Yuan and eventually exiled him. During his exile, Qu Yuan did not give up. He traveled extensively, taught and wrote about his ideas. His works, the Lament (Li Sao), the Nine Chapters (Jiu Zhang), and Wen tian are masterpieces and invaluable for studying ancient Chinese culture. He saw the gradual decline of his mother country, the Chu State. And when he heard that the Chu State was defeated by the strong Qin State, he was in such despair that he ended his life by flinging himself into the Miluo River. Legend says after people heard he drowned, they were greatly dismayed. Fishermen raced to the spot in their boats to search for his body. Unable to find his body, people threw zongzi, eggs, and other food into the river to feed fish. Since then, people commemorated Qu Yuan through dragon boat races, eating zongzi and other activities on the anniversary of his death, the fifth of the fifth month. Festival Foods Zongzi is the most popular food for the festival. It  is a special kind of dumpling usually made of glutinous rice wrapped in bamboo leaves. Unfortunately, fresh bamboo leaves are hard to find. Today you may see zongzi in different shapes and with a variety of fillings. The most popular shapes are triangular and pyramidal. The fillings include dates, meat and egg  yolks, but the most popular fillings are dates. During the festival, people are reminded of the importance of loyalty and commitment to the community.  Dragon boat races may be Chinese in origin, but today they  are held worldwide.

Reforms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reforms - Essay Example The changes have bought positive impacts from the view point of parliamentary democracy, parliamentary sovereignty and the rule of law. Two such reforms, introduced under the Labour Party reform agenda, are the House of Lords act, 1999 and Freedom of Information, 2000. The former reform was introduced with the goal to make the House of Lord more representative as well as democratic whereas the later was created to make the government operations more open and increase the democracy and sovereignty of the nation1. UK is a nation that follows parliamentary democracy i.e. the members who form the government body are also members of either of the two Houses of the Parliament (though there are a very few exceptions to this) and, the government of Britain is answerable to the Parliament as it owes its very existence to the Parliament. The Parliament of UK is also a sovereign parliament i.e. the legislative body is superior to any other government body inclusive of executive or judicial bodi es. In the United Kingdom, it is the Parliament which decides the laws and the work of the judges is to interpret it. They cannot themselves make a law2. Under the House of Lords reform, the right to sit and vote held by the hereditary peers was to be ended but the legislative powers of the House of Lords was to remain the same. No particular political party would then have majority in the House of Lords and its composition will be a reflection of the percentage of votes cast in the last General Election. When the first phase of this reform came, all but 92 of the then present hereditary peers were removed from the House of Lords. 3 This law positively affects the British democracy, as proposed by many scholars. According to the result of a poll, the British MPs too have favored a fully elected House of Lords in comparison to the traditional composition citing that a step like that will have a major impact on the British constitutional reform. The government of Britain was previousl y divided into commons and the lords i.e. the there existed a â€Å"lower house† or popularly the â€Å"House of Common† which comprised of elected members and on the other hand there existed the â€Å"upper house† or the â€Å"House of Lords† who were unelected. The Lords believed themselves to be privileged who had either been put to the coveted seat by their fathers who sat on those chairs in the past or by the ruling party of their time. This arrangement was totally in contrast with the idea of democracy. The ultimate decision making power used to rest with the Lords and only when their decisions differed considerably with those of the Commons, the attempt to rule out those decisions used to be made. This highlights the existence of a large section of society with no important voice in the legislative process of the nation. This shows a democratic split. In a truly democratic country, problems like this would have never emerged. Therefore, it can be s aid that the House of Lords Act, 1999 was a step towards enhancing the democracy of the nation. (Britain’s Deficient Democracy) The reformed House of Lords is more confident, authoritative and it is broadly a representation of the society it seeks to serve. It contains people from different parts of the United Kingdom, from varied professions, from all ethnic and religious communities, both men and women and hence it will be

Law for Business Assignment Brief Case (The Water Cooler Disaster) Essay

Law for Business Assignment Brief Case (The Water Cooler Disaster) - Essay Example In this scenario, there is clearly an agreement, whereby the trader promises to deliver 100 water coolers and 1000 50 litre replacement bottles of water in return for a consideration of ? 6000. There is the intention to create legally binding agreement, which is evidenced in writing through the terms of the contract. Consequently, a contract exists between the trader and the company. Contractual terms define the obligation of both parties to a contract. A failure to comply in full with a performance of an obligation, devoid of any lawful excuse, is a breach of the contract. In a contract for the sale of goods, there are both the express and implied conditions. Express conditions are usually spelt out in the contract, while most implied terms are statutorily derived. This scenario involves a contract of sale of goods. A contract for sale of goods is defined at section 1 of the Sale of Goods Act 1979 to mean â€Å"a contract by which the seller transfers or agrees to transfer the prop erty in goods to the buyer for a money consideration called price.† Therefore, beside the express terms in the contract, the terms implied by the Sale of Goods and Services Act 1982, shall apply. The Company can recover damages from the trader for breach of the contract. ... With regards to the express terms, the contract stipulates that the trader was to provide water coolers that take standard sized replacement bottles which are widely available. However, the water coolers actually supplied were not of universal size and design and it will not be possible to buy replacement bottles. This is breach of a condition. A condition is a term that goes to the root of the contract, the breach of which entitles the innocent party to terminate the contract and to have compensation of the damages awarded. In Behn V. Burness1 a ship was stated in the contract of charter party to be ‘now in Amsterdam.’ The fact that the ship was not in the port at the date of the contract discharged the charter from performance. Section 13(1) of sale of goods Act 1979 provides that â€Å"where there is a contract for the sale of goods by description, there is an implied condition that the goods will correspond with description.† In this scenario, the water cooler s to be delivered were described to be able to take standard sized replacement bottles. Therefore, this was a condition implied on the contract by the Sale of Goods Act 1979. To add, Sale of Goods Act implies the condition that the goods sold ought to be of merchantable quality. Section 14(2) stipulates that â€Å"where seller sells goods in the course of business, there is an implied condition that the goods supplied under the contract are of merchantable quality, except that there is no such condition-†¦ (b) If the buyer examines the goods before the contract is made, as regards defects which that examination ought to reveal.† Consequently, there is evidently breach of conditions both express and implied. A breach of a condition entitles the injured party to damages. In this scenario, the

The Impact of Slavery on African Society Essay Example for Free

The Impact of Slavery on African Society Essay Slavery has played a strong role in African society from as early as prehistoric times, continuing to the modern era. Early slavery within Africa was a common practice in many societies, and was very central to the country’s economy. Beginning around the 7th century, two groups of non-African slave traders significantly altered the traditional African forms of slavery that had been practiced in the past. Native Africans were now being forced to leave the country to be used as slaves. The two major slave trades, trans-Saharan and trans-Atlantic, became central to the organization of Africa and its societies until the modern era. Slavery and the slave trade strongly affected African society, and left long term impacts on the development of the entire continent due to the dehumanization of Africans and the high demand of labor causing the slow decline and dismantling of African states. From the 7th century, extending to the 20th century, Arab Muslims raided areas of West, Central, and East Africa, transporting thousands of Slaves to North Africa, the Middle East and India. The trans-Saharan slave trade increased between the 10th and 15th centuries, as Empires such as Songhai, Ghana, Mali, and Kanem-Bornu evolved south of the Sahara, guiding the slave trade. Over a period of more than a thousand years, the trans-Saharan slave trade directed the movement of over 10 million enslaved men, women, and children. The trans-Saharan slave trade led to the blossom of powerful African states in the inner parts of East Africa, and southern fringes of the Sahara. Although the trans-Saharan slave trade prompted the expansion of slavery within Africa, it was greatly outdone by the large trans-Atlantic trade that followed after the 15th century. The initial group of European slave traders in West Africa were the Portuguese, which was then followed by the British and French. During the 16th and 17th centuries, these three European Colonial Powers initiated the movement of slaves to their growing possessions in the New World. Slaves were sent across the Atlantic Ocean to North, Central, and South America, and the Caribbean Islands to establish and maintain consistent plantation and agriculture. As European desire grew for products including sugar, cotton and rice, the demand for plantation labor also increased. African slave labor was cheap among European standards, leading to the influx of such a large number of African slaves in the New World. European and American slave-traders acquired roughly 12 million slaves from West and west central Africa. People may argue that the practice did not become dehumanizing until white Europeans came along and took slaves to the Americas’. Slavery had existed in Africa as it had in other parts of the world, for centuries, but it was not based on race and it did not result in dehumanization and death, as did transatlantic slavery. This statement is claiming that because the economies of Africa did not depend on slave labor, the number of enslaved people was small until European traders arrived. I am convinced that the African slave trade led to the dehumanization of Africans because it was focused on the legal institution created by law in America, which allowed white American settlers to actually own Africans. This type of slavery was severe and brutal, and also degenerated Africans. The rise of industrialization in America brought the demand for large amounts of labor which Americans took advantage of to gain profit. The only group of Africans benefiting from the trans-Atlantic slave trade was the Elites. These were political members of the ruling class who would capture slaves and take them to markets along the coast. These wealthy slave dealers would use their riches to then identify with other wealthy families through marriage. This created a gap between the prosperous elite, and the struggling lower class. Throughout the continent, slavery had become a major element in African life. As the demand for slaves increased, slave raids became more prevalent, leaving parts of Africa dismantled and unorganized. Other practices such as enslavement as discipline and punishment for crime began to be introduced. Society was constantly changing in reaction to what was happening in slave trade. The slave trades caused political instability, led to much social fragmentation, and resulted in a decline of legal institutions. The countries from which the greatest number of slaves were taken, are the same areas that had the least developed political structures when the slave trades ended. These are the same countries that are the most ethnically fragmented in modern era Africa. These areas include states such as Angola, Chad, Tanzania, and Sierra Leone. When the slave trade came to an end, the African continent was strongly affected. Societies that for many years based their economy on slave labor, and slave trade, had trouble with creating new forms of gaining riches and organizing labor. Upon the ending of slavery and the slave trade in Africa, many governments that once had slaves, still were in desperate need of cheap labor. Due to this demand, African leaders and former slave owners created new methods of forcing Africans to work without pay or for very small amounts of compensation. Slavery has been a significant practice throughout the continent of Africa since pre-historic times. The trans-Saharan and trans-Atlantic slave trades changed the face of slavery in society throughout Africa. The impacts of slavery and the slave trade generated the disruption of the economy resulting in Africa becoming the poorest continent on earth. Slave trades have left Africa very separated, and most importantly underdeveloped and Africans dehumanized. Even though large empires such as Dahomey, Asante, and Benin expanded and prospered because of the slave trade, the successive abolition of the trade led to the fast downfall of all these states. The huge loss of population suppressed economic, social and political advancement. However, the transfer of Africans to the Americas has led to a cultural diversity unseen in world history. Today African Americans play predominant roles in the arts, sports, and music industry of society. Their contribution to and influence on world culture is incomparable.

Point of View in Amy Tan’s Short Story, Two Kinds Essay -- Two Kinds, A

Point of View in Amy Tan’s Short Story, Two Kinds In her short story "Two Kinds," Amy Tan utilizes the daughter's point of view to share a mother's attempts to control her daughter's hopes and dreams, providing a further understanding of how their relationship sours. The daughter has grown into a young woman and is telling the story of her coming of age in a family that had emigrated from China. In particular, she tells that her mother's attempted parental guidance was dominated by foolish hopes and dreams. This double perspective allows both the naivety of a young girl trying to identify herself and the hindsight and judgment of a mature woman. "Two Kinds" is a powerful example of differing personalities causing struggles between parent and child. In every parent-child relationship, there are occurrences in which the parent places expectations on the child. Some children fall victim to a parent trying too hard or placing expectations too high, or, in the case of "Two Kinds," a parent trying to live her life through that of her child. However, the mother is also a victim in that she succumbs to her own foolish dream that "you could be anything you wanted to be in America." Knowing that her own time has passed, she wants her daughter to succeed by any means necessary, but she never stops to think of what her daughter might want. She strictly adheres to her plan, and her overbearing parenting only leaves the daughter with feelings of disapproval and questions of self-worth. The mother does not realize the controversy that she creates, and she cannot understand that her actions could be wrong. She also does not realize tha t she is hurting not only her daughter, but also the relationship that should bind the two of them ... ...by the wrong person. Only after the death of her mother can she let her guilt override her pride. Only after the death of her mother, when she can act on her own accord and not please her mother, does she truly play the piano. Their conflict has gone unsolved, and the mother has died believing that she was a failure as a parent. Throughout the daughter's childhood, both are trapped in their own selfish illusions. Their personalities clash, and neither is willing to compromise. It is unfortunate that neither can realize the extent to which they have damaged themselves individually and jointly. They are fundamentally the same, but, blinded by tenacity, neither realizes that "they are two halves of the same song." Works Cited Tan, Amy. "Two Kinds". Literature, Reading Reacting,Writing. 5th ed. Ed. Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. Boston: Heinle, 2004.

Compare and Contrast of a Two Grand Theories Essay

Virginia Henderson (1897-1996) is a Nursing Grand Theorist who was often referred to as the â€Å"first lady of nursing.† In the article by Nicely (2011) it depicts how she developed a nursing model which is based on activities of daily living. She believed that nursing as a profession stood separately from medicine. In this article, I was able to decipher how Henderson’s theory is applied to the specialized area of organ donation for transplantation. It is reflected that although organ coordinators are from different backgrounds such as: allied health professions, physicians’ assistants, and paramedics, most of them are â€Å"registered nurses.† Nicely (2011) portrays 14 different activities that Henderson identified for patient assistance which would allow patients to return back to independence: â€Å"eating and drinking, elimination of body waste, desirable posture/sleep and rest, select suitable clothing: dress and undress, avoiding dangers in the en vironment and avoid injuring others, maintaining body temperature within normal range, grooming/protecting the integument, communication with others, worship according to one’s faith, play and recreation, learn and discover† (Nicely, 2011, p.73). Henderson’s activities reflect on how nurses can provide a good foundation in which they can become more proficient in their abilities to provide care for their patients. She stressed the importance for including the patient’s family. In her theory, Henderson states the â€Å"the complexity and quality of the service is limited only by the imagination and the competence of the nurse who interprets it† (Nicely, 2011, p. 77). The article extrapolates very good points about how equally important it is for the nurse to work with the family, as well as the patient. The second article I chose by Merritt and Procter is entitled, â€Å"Conceptualizing the functional role of mental health consultation liaison nurse in multi-morbidity,† using Peplau’s theory. This article surmises the role of the mental health consultation liaison (MHCLN) and how it can be integrated to Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations. In the introduction of the article, it focuses on the importance of â€Å"mentally ill† patients being involved actively in their treatment and care planning. This article describes that â€Å"it is a global consensus that mental health care should be undertaken  collaboratively, no matter where the patients live, and in the least restrictive environment† (World Psychiatric Association, 2009, p.159). I agree with the above statement, as I work as a mental health consultant and psychiatric nurse. There is not enough being done to help the patients and their families in seeking psychiatric care and providing a continuum of care. It continues to be a â€Å"stigma† that needs to be addressed globally, so that the patients who are in utmost need of care are able to receive it. This includes medication, behavioral management, and psychotherapy by specialists in the field. Throughout my many years of practice in the mental health field, I have witnessed so much neglect instilled on the mentally ill patients. Many facilities have closed down, and in particular one research facility called the â€Å"Lafayette Clinic† which was linked to Wayne State University in MI, closed due to the government not prioritizing mental health in their budget. As a result, there are more homeless residents living on the streets and not being treated for their mental illness until something hap pens. At times, people who are living on the streets become loud, argumentative, and combative, hallucinate, injure someone, or themselves before any action is taken. I firmly believe in the stand of the MHCLN in helping to decrease the stigma of mental illness, as well as reducing patient’s symptoms by providing a â€Å"means† for treatment. Education and research are a â€Å"key source†, as well as funding for the above to happen. Merritt’s paper represents a stepping stone in my opinion to many patients that are out there suffering and being belittled by their mental illness. The use of Peplau’s interpersonal relations theory if placed fully into practice can help patients adjust to their mental illness, and through education they would be able to have somewhat of a grasp on their illness, the importance of taking their medications, and seeing a psychiatrist and/or psychologist on a regular basis. Once stabilized, the mental health patient can reap the benefits of engaging in a more normalized lifestyle and have a better chance of adjusting to the roles that are not always able to participate in. This paper provides good insight into Peplau’s interpersonal relations theory. The methodologies utilized provide patients with an avenue to work through their psychological distress, and adjustment to changes that occur as a result of their illness. More research and education is necessary to provide the interventions that are  necessary in stabilizing the patients who suffer from mental illness. The nurse is of key importance in facilitating this process with the patient and their families, as well as the psychiatrist, psychologist, social worker, recreational therapist, and mental health worker. In comparing Henderson’s article to Peplau’s article there is some correlation as to the importance in working with families, as well as the patient who is also â€Å"stressed†. In Nicely’s article, the donor patient is usually deceased, or if not deceased, the nurse works with both the patient and the family. Henderson’s theory allows the nurse to be patient as well as family focused. In Merritt’s article, it is both important for the nurse to work with the patient and family as well. In both articles, I feel that the â€Å"nurse† serves as an â€Å"advocate† in different ways, one from a medical perspective, and the other from a psychological perspective, however these can be intertwined as the families who lost a loved one due to â€Å"brain death† and a transplantation will occur, also need emotional support. Nurse-patient relationship encompasses many strategies throughout both articles. In Peplau’s psychodynamic nursing theory four phases of a nurse-patient relationship are identified: orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution. By utilizing these phases, it will allow a nurse to better identify, respond to patient’s need, and build trust. Both articles stress the importance of â€Å"nurses† in different types of roles, one as an â€Å"organ donation coordinator†, and the other as a  "mental health liaison or consultant† providing psychological and emotional support to families. References: Merritt, M. K. & Procter, N. (2010). Conceptualizing the functional role of mental health consultation-liaison nurse in multi-morbidity, using Peplau’s nursing theory. Contemporary Nurse 34(2). 158-166. https://lmscontent.embanet.com/MVU/NURS600/Readings/W3_Peplau.pdf Nicely, B., & DeLario, G. T. (2011). Virginia Henderson’s principles and practice of nursing applied to organ donation after brain death. Progress in transplantation, 21(1), 72-77. https://lmscontent.embanet.com/MVU/NURS600/Readings/W3_Nicely2011.pdf

Eia Case Study: a Comparison of Two Eia Reports

EIA Case Study: A comparison of two EIA reports| 1. Environmental Impact Assessment Report of Liantang / Heung Yuen Wai Boundary Control Point and Associated Works, Agreement No. CE 45/2008 (CE). 2. Environmental Impact Assessment Report of Shatin to Central Link– Mong Kok East to Hung Hom Section, Agreement No. NEX/2213| | | | | | | Contents 1. Introduction4 2. How are the Two Projects compared4 3. Description of the Case Studies5 3. 1 EIA Report 1: â€Å"Shatin to Central Link-Mong Kok East to Hung Hom Section†5 3. 1. 1 Project Background5 3. 1. Construction Involved5 3. 1. 3 Projects call for the assessment of EIAO5 3. 1. 4 Scope of the EIA study7 3. 1. 5 Conclusion of the EIA report after mitigation7 3. 2 EIA Report 2: â€Å"Liantang Heung Yuen Wai Boundary Control Point and Associated Works†7 3. 2. 1 Project Background7 3. 2. 2 Construction Involved7 3. 2. 3 Projects call for the assessment of EIAO8 3. 2. 4 Scope of the EIA study9 3. 2. 5 Conclusion of the E IA report after mitigation9 4. Comparison of the Case studies9 4. 1 Noise Impact Assessment9 4. 1. 1 General Review of the project9 . 1. 2 Environmental Legislation, Standards and Guidelines10 4. 1. 3 Description of environment, NSRs. 11 4. 1. 4 The Main Parts of Noise Impact Assessment11 4. 2Air Impact Assessment13 4. 2. 1 General Review of the project13 4. 2. 2 Procurement of relevant laws, regulations and pollutant emission standards14 4. 2. 3 Background air pollutants concentrations adopted in Projects15 4. 2. 4 Potential source of Impact and Assessment methodology16 4. 2. 5 Prediction Mitigation and Evaluation of Environmental Impact17 4. 3 Water Impact Assessment18 . 3. 1 General Review of the project18 4. 3. 2 Environmental Legislation, Standards and Guidelines18 4. 3. 3 Prediction and Evaluation of Impacts18 4. 3. 4 Water Quality Mitigation Measures19 5. What do the Case Studies Highlight from the Two EIA report20 5. 1 Public Participation in the Projects20 5. 2 3-D EIA21 6. Conclusion and future application of the Cases22 References23 1. Introduction The EIA have long-term existing in Hong Kong. After the 1979, the EIA entered into the â€Å"systematic application of an administrative system†.An EIA Bill, which would have allowed EIA to become a statutory requirement, was approved by the Government in 1997. After that, the EIA continuely developed rapidly in the next 15 years and became a fundamental and vital imperative part in every project as long as public and government would concern about. An EIA is a creative process addressing the diverse challenges of very different projects in often very different environments around the world. The objective of all the EIA is to control, contain, minimize, and even remove a development activity’s potential negative impacts on the environment.This report selects two EIA reports which were approved in the recent two years to make a comparison on their different technical approaches, methods, and assessment results so that to review the current development of EIA discipline. How the two projects are compared will be introduced first. The main content with respect of comparison on noise impact assessment, air impact assessment and water impact assessment follows. Subsequently, the report would like to mention some valuable elements discovery during the comparison.These messages will be organized in â€Å"What do the case studies highlight from the two report part†. Finally, the report ends up in a conclusion and some implication for the future EIA. 2. How are the Two Projects compared In this Case Study paper, an introduction to the whole EIA procedures (includes the characteristic of the projects, the traits for EIA focus on and scope of different disciplines of assessment, the relevant mitigation methods, etc) will be first displayed based on a combination review of Executive brief, the introduction part of the two reports and relevant Figures.The comprehensive compa rison of the noise impact assessment, Air impact assessment, water impact assessment and other impact assessment between the two projects follows. All the above mentioned comparisons will be in accordance with the criteria demonstrate in the EIAO-TM. Subsequently, valuable points discovered during the comparison between the EIA procedures in the two projects are presented. These comprise theâ€Å"What do the case studies highlight about the two EIA reports† phase. Finally, the conclusion on the case studies and some recommendations for the envisioned EIA report are provided.Theâ€Å"Comparison of the case studies†is the main part of the case study report. A quick review on the courseware of CSE 508 environmental impact assessment will be prior to the commencement of the comparison. By doing this, a piece of general procedures for EIA studies which include a. Identity b. Description c. Procurement d. Condition of Prediction activities e. Assessment f. Mitigations, etc a re formed to analyze the two reports, all the information provide in the EIA reports will be rearranged into the above categories for a more clear comparison, regardless of the original presentation form of each report.Compare scenarios of construction phase and operation phase separately is also requisite in the report. Public participation is involved in both the two projects, the report also review them and comment on the different achievements public had made. Apart from this, having noticed the excellent contribution of 3-D model in the EIA, the report also introduces the effect of 3D EIA in the Liantang project. These two elements are of application value. 3. Description of the Case Studies 3. 1 EIA Report 1: â€Å"Shatin to Central Link-Mong Kok East to Hung Hom Section† 3. 1. 1 Project BackgroundThe project is known as SCL – Mong Kok East to Hung Hom Section [SCL (MKK-HUH)]. The realignment work for the existing EAL tracks from the tunnel portal near Oi Man Est ate (portal 1A) to the proposed North Ventilation Building, Plant Rooms and Emergency Access (NOV) 1 in Hung Hom. It is approximately 1. 2km long from the tunnel portal near Oi Man Estate (portal 1A) to the proposed NOV in Hung Hom. The project area is land-based only with neither marine works nor use of sea-water cooling system. The primary construction phase elements displayed in Table 1 and 2 below. 3. 1. 2 Construction InvolvedSections| Key Construction Items| Portal 1A (the most northern part of the project boundary) to North of Hung Hom Station (HUH)| †¢ Construction of a branch of track (with a trough and tunnel toward Chatham Road Interchange)†¢ Construction Works Area above ground, e. g. Associated slope works at Oi Sen Path†¢ Construction of Noise Mitigation Measures at Portal 1A†¢ Realignment of Cheong Wan Road| North of HUH to Hung Hom NOV| †¢ Construction of the approach tunnel†¢ Construction of new platforms (at the existing HUH)†¢ Co nstruction of ventilation shafts at north and south of HUH†¢ Construction works areas above ground, eg.Cooling Tower†¢ Operation of one barging point with two loading ramps at Hung Hom Freight Pier (It will be constructed by Kwun Tong Line Extension (KTE) before commencement of the construction of the Project| Table 1 Construction Phase Elements 3. 1. 3 Projects call for the assessment of EIAO The Project together with some associated works would cover three designated project (DP) elements as specified under the Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance (EIAO) (Cap. 499) as identified below: Item DP1: A railway and its associated stations under A. in Schedule 2 Part 1, i. e. Railway from Portal 1A to the new NOV and the HUH; Item DP2: A railway tunnel more than 800m in length between portals under A. 7 in Schedule 2 Part 1, i. e. from Chatham Road Interchange to the new NOV; and Item DP3: A road which is an expressway, trunk road, primary distributor road or district dist ributor road including new roads, and major extensions or improvements to existing road under A. 1 in Schedule 2 Part 1, i. e. Realignment of existing Cheong Wan Road which is a district distributor. the shifted alignment is shown in Appendix 1. 3) Apart from the above DP Elements, the following minor modification works would be conducted at the nearby siding and good cards which are currently designated project exempted under Section 9(2) of the EIAO: A railway siding, depot, maintenance workshop, marshalling yard or goods yard under A. 4 in Schedule 2 Part 1; i. e. Ho Man Tin siding. Based on the latest information, there will be neither change in frequency nor function of the sidings.Three existing tracks will be reduced to one track with a spur track approaching the Hong Kong Polytechnic University Phase 8 (HKPU Phase 8) area and the number of crossing will be reduced (see Appendix 1. 4). A railway siding, depot, maintenance workshop, marshalling yard or goods yard under A. 4 in Schedule 2 Part 1; Mong Kok Freight Terminal at MKK. Based on the latest information, there will be no change in function of the terminal. MKK will be slightly modified for additional work area of buildings and facilities of the existing terminal. There will be neither modification nor addition to the existing three rail tracks (see Appendix 1. ). Section| Key Operational Items – Before Yr 2020 (Using existing East Rail Line tracks and station) | Key Operational Items – After Yr 2020 (after the completion of the whole SCL) | Portal 1A to north of HUH | †¢ Using existing MLR/SP 1900 trains †¢ Using existing ballast tracks (above ground) †¢ Freight train operations to cease †¢ Infrequent Intercity and maintenance locomotive movements, same as the prevailing condition †¢ Alignment of Ho Man Tin Siding slightly revised | †¢ Using new 9-car trains of SP 1900, or equivalent †¢ Using slab tracks at tunnel near Carmel Secondary School †¢ Using new HUH latform †¢ Freight train operations to cease †¢ Infrequent Intercity and maintenance locomotive movements, same as the prevailing condition †¢ Alignment of Ho Man Tin Siding slightly revised | North of HUH to Hung Hom NOV | †¢ Using existing MLR/SP 1900 trains †¢ Using existing ballast track (above ground) †¢ Using existing EAL platform †¢ Freight train operations to cease †¢ Infrequent Intercity movement, same as the prevailing condition †¢ Realigned Cheong Wan Road †¢ New Exhaust/Intakes at HUH in operation (since Yr 2018) | †¢ Using new 9-car trains of SP 1900, or equivalent †¢ Using new slab tracks (most are underground) †¢ Using new platform †¢ Freight train operations to cease †¢ Infrequent Intercity movement, same as the prevailing condition †¢ Realigned Cheong Wan Road | Table 2 Operational Phase Elements 3. 1. 4 Scope of the EIA studyIn accordance with the EIA Study Brief and the EIAO-TM guidelines, the EIA has been conducted in the fields include Landscape and Visual Impacts, Air Quality, Airborne Noise Impact, Ground-borne Noise Impact, Water Quality Impact, Waste Management Implications and Land Contamination. 3. 1. 5 Conclusion of the EIA report after mitigation Overall, the EIA Study has concluded that the Project is environmentally acceptable in compliance with environmental legislation and standards and provides substantive societal benefits. With the implementation of environmental control measures during construction and operation of the Project, the individual impacts are minimized and there would be no adverse residual impacts from the project. 3. 2 EIA Report 2: â€Å"Liantang Heung Yuen Wai Boundary Control Point and Associated Works† 3. 2. 1 Project BackgroundIt is anticipated that the volume of cross-boundary traffic will continue to increase with the closer ties of Hong Kong-Shenzhen and the completion of the planned Eastern Corridor in Shenzhen, Consider to this, the Liantang Heung Yuen Wai Boundary Control Point was designed to meet the future traffic demand and re-distribute cross-boundary traffic amongst the crossings in the east. 3. 2. 2 Construction Involved The Project consists of two main components, construction of a BCP; and construction of a connecting road alignment. The connecting road alignment consists of six main sections: 1. Lin Ma Hang to Frontier Closed Area (FCA) Boundary – this section comprises at-grade and viaducts and includes the improvement works at Lin Ma Hang Road; 2.Ping Yeung to Wo Keng Shan – this section stretches from the Frontier Closed Area Boundary to the tunnel portal at Cheung Shan and comprises at-grade and viaducts including an interchange at Ping Yeung; 3. North Tunnel – this section comprises the tunnel segment at Cheung Shan and includes a ventilation building at the portals on either end of the tunnel; 4. Sha Tau Kok Road – this section stre tches from the tunnel portal at Wo Keng Shan to the tunnel portal south of Loi Tung and comprises at-grade and viaducts including an interchange at Sha Tau Kok and an administration building; 5. South Tunnel – this section comprises a tunnel segment that stretches from Loi Tung to Fanling and includes a ventilation building at the portals on either end of the tunnel as well as a ventilation building in the middle of the tunnel near Lau Shui Heung; 6.Fanling – this section comprises the at-grade, viaducts and interchange connection to the existing Fanling Highway. The construction of the project are concluded in the following Table 3 Table 3 Construction invovled the Liantang project 3. 2. 3 Projects call for the assessment of EIAO (i) Site formation for the construction of a BCP building in the area of Chuk Yuen Village; (ii) Drainage facilities discharging into the Shenzhen River associated with the BCP; (iii) cargo processing facilities including processing kiosks fo r clearance of goods vehicles, vehicle holding areas, customs inspection platforms, cargo examination buildings, X-ray building, weigh stations etc. (iv) Passenger related facilities including processing kiosks and examination facilities for private cars and coaches, passenger clearance building and halls, etc. ; (v) Accommodation for and facilities of the Government departments providing services in connection with the BCP; (vi) Provision of transport related facilities inside the BCP including public transport interchange, and transport drop-off and pick-up areas; (vii) Other peripheral structures and supporting facilities such as bridges across Shenzhen River, border road and fences, water supply system, utilities, culvert, drainage and sewerage etc. ; (viii) Construction of a dual two-lane trunk road with traffic control and surveillance system connecting the BCP with Fanling Highway adjacent to Wo Hop Shek – which comprises approximately 5. km of viaduct and/or at grade sections, and two tunnel sections totalling 5. 7 km in length, tunnel administration building and tunnel ventilation system; (Ix) Associated diversion / modification works at Lin Ma Hang Road to cope with the BCP development; (x) Associated environmental mitigation measures, landscaping works, drainage/ sewerage, waterworks, utilities and traffic engineering works; and (xi) Collection, treatment and disposal of sewage generated from the BCP via provision of an on-site sewage treatment facility to a tertiary level with proposed Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) treatment and effluent reuse. The Project is classified as Designated Projects (DPs) based on items A. 1 and F. in Part 1 of Schedule 2 of the EIA Ordinance: A dual two-lane trunk road connecting the BCP with Tolo/Fanling Highway – about 5. 3km on viaduct or at grade and 5. 7km in tunnels (item A. 1); and Reuse of treated sewage effluent from a tertiary treatment plant for irrigation at the BCP (item F. 4. ). 3. 2. 4 Scope of t he EIA study In accordance with the EIA Study Brief and the EIAO-TM guidelines, the EIA has been conducted in the fields include Air Quality, Noise Impact, Water Quality Impact, Water Quality, Waste Management Implications, Land Contamination, Ecology, Fisheries, Landscape, Visual and Glare, Cultural Heritage. The discovered assessment points have been concluded in Appendix 1. The relevant mitigation measures list in Appendix 2. 3. 2. Conclusion of the EIA report after mitigation Based on the results of the assessments, the EIA study concludes that the Project would be environmentally acceptable and in compliance with the environmental legislation and standards. With the implementation of the recommended environmental mitigation measures, no significant adverse residual impacts from the Project are anticipated. A comprehensive environmental monitoring and audit programme should be implemented to check the implementation of mitigation measures and environmental compliance. 4. Compari son of the Case studies 4. 1 Noise Impact Assessment 4. 1. 1 General Review of the projectThe follows Table 4 demonstrates a general condition of two projects in noise impact assessment: Table 4 Noise impact assessment of two projects It is worth mentioned that in the Liantang project, it anticipates the predicted operation noise level in the next 30 years which the SCL project does not include due to their operation noise stem from electric rails but not cars. 4. 1. 2 Environmental Legislation, Standards and Guidelines The regulations adopt in the SCL and Liantang projects, as shows in Table 5, the NCO and EIAO-TM play dominant role in restrict the standards. IND-TM is also applied into both the Construction phase and operation phase for the airborne and ground borne noise impact assessment in the two projects.For a better control of air quality assessment during the construction phase, both the SCL and Liantang introduce DA-TM and GW-TM as their guideline. The SCL project also int roduced the PP-TM to Construction phase and HKPSG to Operation phase, respectively. Table 5 Standards used in two projects 4. 1. 3 Description of environment, NSRs. Background noise In the SCL project, noise measurements have been conducted from January to April 2009 to identify the prevailing noise levels, ss observed during the measurements, existing noise was dominated by traffic noise from major roads. Railway noise from the East Rail Line was also audible at some locations.However, there was no information offered in the report on the assessment methodology for the background noise. The Liantang Project, Noise surveys were carried out from November 2009 to April 2010 to investigate the background noise condition of the surrounding environment and the Project Area. The method to measure the background noise as follows: During each measurement, the sound level meter was checked using an acoustic calibrator generating a sound pressure level of 94dB(A) at 1kHz immediately before an d after the noise measurement. The measurements were accepted as valid only if the calibration levels before and after the noise measurement were agreed to within 1. 0dB(A).Moreover, the sound level meters and acoustic calibrators are calibrated in accredited laboratories yearly to ensure reliable performance. Noise Sensitive Receivers As the SCL project is located at the urban area, while the Liantang project build at the remote places, the different categories of potential NSRs account for the proportion differently in the total discovered. The selected NSRs in SCL were assigned to Residential, Commercial as well as Educational places. Whereas the eligible NSRs in the Liantang project belonged to Residential, agricultural places as well as green belt due to several villages nearby. 4. 1. 4 The Main Parts of Noise Impact AssessmentThe main parts of Noise Impact Assessment include: ?. Potential sources of Impact, ?. Assessment methodology ?. Evaluation of Impact ?. Mitigation measur es ?. Evaluation of Residual Impact ?. Evaluation of Cumulative impact (if possible) The SCL report introduced these procedures one by one, whereas the Liantang report, in accordance with the different nature of various noises, separately interpreted the content of the procedures in construction phase, operation phase and fixed plant noise. 4. 1. 4. 1 Assessment Methodology Both the SCL and Liantang project faced noise during Construction phase, stem from the PME for various construction activities.For the Operation phase, the SCL and Liantang projects suffered from railway noise and traffic noise, respectively. Construction phase Both the two project made use of the GW-TM, and regarded the BS 5228 Part1: 2009 as a complement for sound power level (SWL). The function as follow: SPL = SWL – DC + FC (1) where Sound Pressure Levels, SPL in dB(A) Sound Power Levels, SWL in dB(A) Distance Attenuation, DC in dB(A) = 20 ·log(D)+8 (where D is the distance between NSRs and noise sou rce in meters) Facade Correction, FC in dB(A) = 3dB(A) For assessing the Groundborne Noise, the SCL and Liantang project adopted different function (Table 6) Groundborne Assessment methods| SCL| Liantang|Function| Lp = Lv,rms + Cdist + Cdamping + Cbuilding + Cfloor + Cnoise + Cmulti + Ccum†| LA = Lv,rms + C dist + C damping + BCF + BVR + CTN + C cum| Interpretation| Lv,rms: Reference Vibration Source, Cbuilding: Coupling Loss into Building Structures,Cfloor: Coupling Loss per Floor Cnoise: Conversion from Floor Vibration to Noise Levels, Cmulti: Multiply Source Factor Ccum: Cumulative Effect. | LA: A-weighted Ground-borne noise level at NSR, ref: 20 ? -PascalC dist: Distance attenuationC damping: Soil damping loss across the geological mediaLv,rms :Vibration velocity (in RMS) of a PME at a reference distanceBCF: Vibration coupling loss factor between the soil and the foundation, relative levelBVR: Building vibration reduction or amplification within a structure from the founda tion to the occupied areas, relative levelCTN: Conversion from floor and wall vibration to noise, 10-8 m/s or 10-6 in/s to 20 ? PascalC cum: Cumulative noise impact from concurrent projects| Analyze the different: The principles of two functions are the same, except the Liantang one introduce the Building Vibration Response (BVR) to influence the function due to the consideration that Since ground-borne vibration level will be the highest on the lower level of a building, a conservative building structure attenuation factor of 2dB per octave band. | Table 6 Different methods used in air impact assessment Operation phase The source of noise during the operation phase in the SCL and Liantang projects are railway noise and traffic noise respectively. Because of this, different functions for calculating the airborne and groundborne noise have been separately adopted in the assessment procedure.It is worth to mention that the assessment methodology used in Liantang project, which build u p 4 models (include 1) a comparing the noise level with and without project, 2) a comparing between unmitigated and mitigated, 3) an assessment on effectiveness and adequacy of noise mitigation measure and 4) an assessment on noise level of NSRs to testify the effect of the Noise impact) to decompose and ensure the effect, ensure the noise criteria have been effectively obeyed and the mitigation measures implemented efficiently. 4. 1. 4. 2 Mitigation Measures Construction phase: During the construction phase, both the projects adopted the following methods to reduce noise: good site practice to limit noise emissions at source; selection of quieter plant; use of movable noise barrier; use of noise enclosure/ acoustic shed; and use of noise insulating fabric. Subtle difference when they make use of each of these measures: For the Good sit practice, the SCL project mentioned one more strategy than the Liantang project: Silencers or mufflers on construction equipment should be utilized and should be properly maintained during the construction program.It emphasis the important role of Silencers and mufflers, with this announcement, the practice work will pay attention to the maintenance of the silencers device. In the Use of Movable Noise Barrier part, except demonstrate the effectiveness of this equipment in reducing the noise, the SCL and Liantang projects also regulated the material quality of the noise barrier (14 kg/m2 and 7 kg/m2, respectively. ). This regulation is important, as various materials for noise barriers perform differently in prevent the noise, only a defined material quality can ensure the effect of noise reduction is really achieved. Temporary hoardings was also applied in used in the SCL project, it was 2. 4 meters high. Operation phase | SCL| Liantang|Source of Noise | Railway Noise| Traffic Noise| Mitigation Measures| ? 150m long natural ventilated absorptive noise enclosure| Low noise road surfacing (LNRS);Noise barrier/enclosure| 4. 2. 5 C onclusion What should be highlighted here is the mitigation method of Low noise road surfacing during operation phase for the Liantang project, which is an effective way to reduce the noise caused by traffic. The source of traffic noise mainly stem from the fraction between the tiers and road surface and engine noise. Consider to this, efficient low noise road surfacing can reduce the traffic noise at the born phase. Furthermore, several new materials for low noise road surfacing (rubber road, etc. are available currently, it is reasonable to anticipate the development of effective way to reduce traffic noise will lie on the new materials for pavement. 4. 2Air Impact Assessment 4. 2. 1 General Review of the project SCL Construction: 1. Sources of the air contaminants: mainly be related to construction dust from excavation, spoil removal, wind erosion as well as material handling at the barging point 2. ASR: 14 representatives within 500m from the project alignment. 3. Air quality of unmitigated scenario: the predicted cumulative maximum hourly, daily, and annual average TSP at most ASR would exceed the criteria stipulate in EIAO-TM and AQO. 4.Mitigation measures: 1) watering on active works areas, exposed areas and paved haul roads 2) enclosing the unloading process at barging point, etc 5. Air quality of mitigated scenario: The hourly, daily and annual TSP in all ASRs would comply with the EIAO-TM hourly (500? g/m3)and AQO daily and annual TSP criteria. (260? g/m3 and 80? g/m3m3) Operation: 1. As the train will be electrically operated, air quality impact is therefore not anticipated during operational phase. 2. Exhausts for general ventilation and smoke extraction facilities will also be carefully positioned Liantang / Heung Yuen Wai Boundary Control Point and Associated Works Construction: 1.Source s of the air contaminants: The main construction activities that would contribute to construction dust impacts include excavation/earth works, road works, slope works, site formation and construction of superstructures such as the buildings within the BCP and the tunnel ventilation buildings. 2. ASR: A total of 46 air sensitive receivers (ASRs) were identified for the construction phase assessment. 3. Air quality of unmitigated scenario: 20 ASRs that would potentially be subjected to exceedance of hourly TSP criterion. 4 ASRs would potentially be subjected to exceedance of daily TSP criterion. No ASRs will exceed the annual criterion. 4. Mitigation measures: 1) water spraying of up to 8times per day for active construction areas; 2) 80% of stockpiling area with impervious sheeting; 3) Limit the speed of construction of vehicles to 10km/hour; 4) pave all haul road within the site 5.Air quality of mitigated scenario: The hourly, daily and annual TSP in all ASRs would comply with the EIAO-TM hourly (500? g/m3)and AQO daily and annual TSP criteria. (260? g/m3 and 80? g/m3m3) Operation: 1. Source s of the air contaminants: vehicular emissions fr om the open roads, ventilation shafts, mid-ventilation building in Hong Kong, kiosks, loading and unloading areas and public transport interchange (PTI) of the BCPs on both Hong Kong side and Shenzhen side and the on-site sewage treatment works at the BCP Key air pollutants: NO2 and RSP 2. ASRs: 49ASRs were found 3. Air quality of unmitigated scenario: The results of the operational phase ir quality assessment showed that the predicted hourly, daily and annual NO2 levels as well as the daily and annual RSP concentrations at all 49 ASRs were in compliance with the corresponding AQOs (300 ? g/m3, 150 ? g/m3 and 80 ? g/m3 for NO2 and 180? g/m3 and 55 ? g/m3 for RSP, respectively) 4. Mitigation measures: For the on-site sewage treatment works at the BCP, total containment of sewage channels and provision of deodorization facilities will be implemented. 5. Air quality of mitigated scenario: The nearest ASRs are at least 490m away from the sewage treatment works, it is anticipated that th ere would not be significant odors impact on the nearby ASRs. 4. 2. Procurement of relevant laws, regulations and pollutant emission standards Both of the SCL and the Liantang project completed the EIA report based on the guideline and air quality assessment that are stipulated in EIAO-TM, in which the maximum allowable concentrations over specific periods for typical pollutants should be met. Some specific requirements on air quality assessment for SCI Project are stipulated in Clause 3. 4. 2 of the EIA Study Brief. Both the SCI and Liantang Projects adopt â€Å"Air Pollution Control Ordinance (APCO)†, â€Å"Air Pollution Control (Construction Dust) Regulation† to regulate their air quality and construction dust density.Meanwhile, the Liantang Project also procure theâ€Å"Practice Note on Control of Air Pollution in Vehicle Tunnels† which published by EPD to control the tunnel air quality. Table 7 the guidelines for Air impact assessment in Liantang Project 4. 2. 3 Background air pollutants concentrations adopted in Projects Background air quality: The level of TSP (total suspended particulates) is the major concern in the SCL project. It make use of the five years (2006 –2010) annual average monitoring data recorded at EPD? s general air quality monitoring stations in urban areas to estimate the background TSP concentration since there is no EPD general air quality monitoring station located in projects areas. Unlike the SCL project, the Liantang project had EPD record in the project area.Therefore, the latest available 5-year average ambient concentrations of pollutants measured at EPD’s Tai Po Air Quality Monitoring Station have been taken as the background concentrations for the air quality assessments. In the Liantang project, it also cared about the density of NO2 and RSP (respirable suspended particulates) which was not the issue in the SCI project. Noteworthily, the report prove its effective in control the air emis sion by taking the future reduction of emission in this area into consideration, with which a lower background concentration would be generated in the coming years. The TSP background concentration in SCI and Liantang were 75. 2 and 66. 6 ? g/m3, respectively.The background concentrations of NO2 and RSP in the Liantang project were 50. 4 and 49. 9? g/m3. ASRs: 1) In the SCL project, the verification of ASRs in this project according to the guidance of EIAO-TM (any domestic premises, hotel, hostel, hospital, clinic, nursery, temporary housing accommodation, school, educational institution, office, factory, shop, shopping centre, place of public worship, library, court of law, sports stadium or performing arts centre are considered as ASRs. ) 500m from the Project alignment and boundaries of all associated areas under the project was the scope for air impact assessment stipulated in the EIA study brief. 14 respectively ASRs were selected eventually. 00m was also the scope for the Lian tang project, however, as the place the project covered were mostly at the broad land of Hong Kong and Shenzhen and remote area of Hong Kong, the ASRs of interest were mainly scattered village houses situated in the vicinity of the BCP or alongside the BCP connecting road. In addition, the air intake point(s) of the buildings in the BCP were also considered in the project. 49 respectively ASRs were selected eventually. Among the ASRs, CY3 was eliminated considered that it would be relocated to resite. 2) In the SCL project, the lowest height for air sensitive use at respective ASRs locations was taken as either at 1. 5m above local ground level (AGL) which is the average height of the human breathing zone or at the lowest height, in view of the construction phase would be or mostly under the ground level using cut-and-cover method and the operation phase had no remarkable contaminants.Then, the assessment heights (in AGL) were arranged at 1, 5, 10, 15&20, respectively. In the Lianta ng project, since all the ASRs except BDG1 are low-rise village houses or playground, three assessment levels have been adopted, which are 1. 5m, 5m and 10m above local ground level (AGL). 4. 2. 4 Potential source of Impact and Assessment methodology The SCL project pay more attention to clarify the potential sources of impact, while the Liantang project emphasis more on the methods for the assessment. Potential source of Impact In the SCL project, major construction works that would contribute to construction dust impacts vehicle emission caused the air impact in the operation phase.In order to clarify the different contribution of various parts of the project on air quality impact, the SCL project analyze the project by dividing it into separated parts include (construction stage) cut and cover works for tunnel and surface works; construction of superstructures including the ventilation shafts; modification work to HUH podium structure; loading/unloading at barging point and (oper ation stage) vehicle operation to the east, west, north, south of the road. While the Liantang project, it only simply concluded that construction dust and vehicle emission would generate in the construction and operation phase without figuring out the different contribution of contaminant factors at different part of the project. Assessment Methodology Both the SCI and Liantang projects calculated the Emission Inventory and utilized Dispersion Modeling & Concentration Calculation to do the assessment. The Liantang project also considered the effect of weather, which adopted the Meteorological data for a full year measured at the vicinity of the project into its Fugitive Dust Model (FDM).The Liantang project also calculated the cumulative impacts of all influence factors for air quality. For the operation stage, only qualitative approach is adopted to address the air quality implications in the SCI project. While the Liantang project carefully analyzed the different emission areas w ith different assessment methods: Emissions from Open Roads> Emissions from Ventilation Shafts and Building of Tunnels> Emission from Tunnel Portals> In-tunnel Air Quality> Emission from kiosks, loading and unloading areas and PTI> Cumulative Impacts> Calculation of Total Concentration 4. 2. 5 Prediction Mitigation and Evaluation of Environmental Impact Overall reviewBoth the SCL and Liantang projects achieve the evaluation goal by comparing the unmitigated scenario with the post mitigated ones, so that to demonstrate the effectivity of their implemented mitigation measures. Slightly difference in terms of the organization indicates in this part. The SCL adopt the unmitigated scenario>Specify details on the mitigation methods> mitigated scenario, while the Liantang chiefly introduced the different performance of air impact between the unmitigated and mitigated project and interpreted what the mitigation measures it had adopted, separately. Its analysis also divided the TSP index int o hourly, daily, and annual branches which the SCL never done. The former one showed us a natural procedure: â€Å"Problem-solution—-problem was effectively solved by showing the post—addressed data† model.When it comes to the Liantang project, more concentration would be on fulfilling the requirement of EPD on the organization of EIA report. The benefit of SCL organization is more agreement and approval can be acquired from us, in another words, the report can facilities more populace to understand the report without having relevant knowledge. The advantage of Liantang organization may satisfy the EPD authority much more because it introduced every procedure in detail required in EIAO-TM. Furthermore, the Liantang project, also assess the emission control as well as the Odour from the Proposed Sewage Treatment Works in satisfying of the specify need of this project. These parts were not included in the SCL project. Mitigation measuresExcept the common dust cont rol measures which were adopted in both the two projects, dust suppression measures stipulated in the Air Pollution Control (Construction Dust) Regulation as well as good site practices were also included in the SCL and Liantang projects. One other point worth emphasizing is that the Liantang project 4. 3 Water Impact Assessment 4. 3. 1 General Review of the project 4. 3. 1. 1 Water quality background The SCI and Liantang projects made use of the monitoring data in the vicinity areas given by authorities to describe their environment. Due to the absence of water quality information at Kong Yiu Channel in the Liantang project, a water quality survey was conducted at Kong Yiu Channel near the Works Area. With the above mentioned ways, the water qualities of the project environment were confirmed. . 3. 1. 2 Water Sensitive Receivers SCI: There is no remarkable WSR in the project except three cooling water intakes were identified within 300m from the project boundaries. Liantang: Key wa ter sensitive receivers that may potentially be affected include: Shenzhen River (WSR1); Kong Yiu Channel (WSR2); River Ganges (WSR3); River Indus (WSR4); Ma Wat Channel (WSR5); Streams at Kau Lung Hang (WSR6); Upstream of Man Uk Pin Stream (WSR7) 4. 3. 2 Environmental Legislation, Standards and Guidelines EIAO-TM is the basic legislation for both the SCI and Liantang projects to do the water impact assessment and mitigation. Besides the EIAO-TM, both the wo projects introduced Water Pollution Control Ordinance involve â€Å"Water Quality Objectives† and â€Å"Technical Memorandum on Standards for Effluents Discharged into Drainage and Sewerage Systems, Inland and Coastal Waters† to benefit the assessment. Furthermore, â€Å"Practice Note for Professional Persons on Construction Site Drainage† provided sufficient practice guidelines for handling and disposal of construction site discharges. The Liantang project also adopt the criteria of â€Å"no net increase i n pollution load requirement† as specified in the Town Planning Board Guidelines No. 12B. It is believe that this guideline would be useful on protecting important habitats and wildlife of the Deep Bay region. 4. 3. 3 Prediction and Evaluation of ImpactsThe commonly used approaches for Environmental impact predictions are as follow: –Mass Balance Approaches: calculations to determine average concentrations and percentage changes in pollutant loadings –Mathematical Modeling Approaches: the physical system is reduced to one or two dimensions using mathematical expressions to simplify the data requirements and solution techniques –Aquatic-Ecosystem-Modeling Approaches: Instream flow incremental methodology (IFIM); Habitat evaluation procedure (HEP); Habitat evaluation system (HES) In the SCI report, no above mentioned method was introduced in both the construction phase and operation phase. Whereas the Liantang report, the Mass balance approaches were adopted in most of the impacts in operation phase. For example: In the BCP part, it revealed that the estimated additional peak discharge generated from the proposed development is about 6. 5m3/s under a 1 in 50 year return period storm, which is approximately 2. % of the peak flow of the existing Shenzhen River near River Ganges; in the Road part, the net increase in water level and discharge at the Fanling Highway Connection are less than 20 mm and 1 m3/s respectively to showed the impact is considered insignificant; In the Sewage effluents and sewerage impact, approximately 185m3/day and 142. 56m3/day average dry weather flow generated from the proposed BCP at Hong Kong side and Resite of Chuk Yuen Village are estimated. By using this method, vague impact can be clearly understood and measured. 4. 3. 4 Water Quality Mitigation Measures 4. 3. 4. 1 Construction Phase Construction site runoff and drainage The common measurements in both the SCL and Liantang project include something concer n on-site drainage system, sediment basins-sand removal facilities, inspection, temporary cover during wet season excavation, vehicle should be washed, Open stockpiles of construction materials (e. g. ggregates, sand and fill material) on sites should be covered with tarpaulin or similar fabric during rainstorms, etc. The Liantang project also mentioned the build of Ditches to to facilitate the runoff discharge into stormwater drainage system through a sediment/silt trap. While the SCL project did many detail design for its mitigation methods: Minimum distances of 100 m should be maintained between the discharge points of construction site run-off and the existing saltwater intakes; it said it should undergo the removal of settleable solids in a silt removal facility, and pH adjustment as necessary. Both two reports mentioned a discharge licence was also requisite for effluent discharge.In addition to list out the mitigation measures, the Liantang project also stipulated the water m itigated conditions should be achieved: â€Å"Adequate measures should be implemented to ensure no pollution or siltation occurs to the catchwaters and catchments. No earth, building materials, oil or fuel, soil, toxic materials or any materials that may possibly cause contamination to water gathering grounds are allowed to be stockpiled on site. All surplus spoil should be removed from water gathering grounds as soon as possible. Temporary drains with silt traps should be constructed at the site boundary before the commencement of any earthworks. Regular cleaning of silt traps should be carried out to ensure proper operation at all time. All excavated or filled surfaces which have the risk of erosion should always be protected form erosion.Facilities for washing the wheels of vehicles before leaving the site should be provided†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. † These standards were really useful, as the predefine mitigation measures may not practical after the commencement of the project. In order to reduce the water impact at best, guidelines on to what extent the performance of the changed mitigation methods should achieved can guarantee the water mitigation efficient. Other concerns part For the Accidental Spillage, the Liantang project regulated all fuel tanks and storage areas should be provided with locks and be sited on sealed area. Whereas the SCL emphasized the protection of Waste disposal so as to minimize the possibility of accidental spillage.First, it required the contractor to be registered as a chemical waste producer; the Waste Disposal Ordinance is regulated follows. 4. 3. 4. 2 Operation phase In the operation phase, the SCL project emphasis the important role of filtering, it regulated many filter-like processes before the discharge. While the Liantang project adopted a dry weather flow intercepting system in the BCP to minimize the pollutants discharging in the Shenzhen River. 5. What do the Case Studies Highlight f rom the Two EIA report EIA, in essence, is an assessment of the impact of a planned activity on the environment. The ultimate aim of EIA is to control, contain, minimize, and even remove a development activity’s potential negative impacts on the environment.The core concept of â€Å"Environment†, can be defined as the combination of elements of whose complex inter-relationships make up the settings, the surroundings and the conditions of life of individual and of society, as they are or as they are felt. Therefore, the concept of environment should be based on the feeling of every people in the regions. In view of this, a qualified EIA report should to some extent comply with the criterion: the information within the report, regardless of the professional or non-professional parts, will pursue to be understood by the most stakeholders, both the authorities and the public. To achieve this goal, the professional EIA report which used to only be fully understand by the pr ofessional, need more show forms that facilitate the others without relevant background to read.Two of the mentioned show forms, have been successfully utilized in the Liantang Projects—- 1) The public consultation during the projects; and 2) 3D EIA attach to the EIA report. The effect of these two methods satisfies the objective of the EIA at best. Both of the two measures should be advocated to the EIA of future projects. The comparison of the SCL and Liantang projects on â€Å"with and without† as well as â€Å"practice well and practice not well† the two methods revealed their prominent role play in Environmental impact assessment. 5. 1 Public Participation in the Projects Mentioned in the â€Å"Project Description†, both the two projects asserted that they did a great job in encouraging the joint-force of the Public participation for the projects.Nevertheless, the huge differences of performance on the public participation were found after comparing the two projects. The Liantang complied with the expected actions of EPD on accommodating the public at best while the SCL did not. In the Liantang project, there were a lot of project alternatives be adopted in cooperation with the Public. The media of the consultation was Meeting. In order to effectively utilize the public suggestions, the meeting was carried out into two stages: Stage 1, meeting with the public to gather the views and expectation; Stage two communications of findings and possible outcome. This method was proved efficiently by the subsequent outcome of the public participation. (Table 8).With the help of enough interactions with the Public which initially regulate in the EIAO-TM, we can see a more beneficial Liantang project was invented after a lot of reconciliation. Therefore, the Liantang project did very well in public participation. Table 8 However, the SCL did the public consultation quiet perfunctory when it compare in parallel with the same work within Lia ntang project. From the information offered in the EIA report, the SCL project indicates it insufficiency in interacting with the public. The report introduced that their public consultations were mainly achieved by â€Å"roving exhibitions, public and professional forums, and seminars†, and details on how to carry the activities out and the outcome of the public participation were not illustrated in the report.Having found that most of the activities are advertising of the projects and lack of directly interaction and lack of mention on the contribution of public participations, we can interfere that quite a few of the public benefit had been ignored in the project process due to the paucity of listening to the public view. In conclusion, the SCL project is not eligible in according to the criteria on public participation of regulated in EIA study brief. 5. 2 3-D EIA The 3-D EIA technology has been used in the Liantang project, where an addition bottom of [Electronic visuali zation],as shown in Table 9, displays on the website together with other traditional EIA parts. Clicking into the [Electronic visualization], an overview of the project location firstly shows on the screen.With a natural blue background color, the welcome image indicates us that a topic that emphasis environment a lot would demonstrate subsequently. Then, the homepages are supported by several useful icons which are â€Å"Introduction†, â€Å"Baseline†, â€Å"consideration of alternatives†, â€Å"Preferred Option† and â€Å"Impact Assessment†. Each of the branches contains some parts of the simplified content which have already been introduced in the EIA report. In cooperation with 3-D model of BCP, all the information can be understood by amateurs in an active and easy way. Table 9 3D-EIA share on the website The approach of 3-D EIA is very useful in many aspects: ) The 3-D EIA are based on the information provided in the EIA report, and photos w hich were taken in practical sceneries. These ensure the authority and reliability of the information provided on the website. 2) 3-D model was adopted to simulate the comprehensive project. Obviously the project will be more vivid than the traditional two-dimensional maps. 3) As the internet is not necessary to present information in a formal way, the colloquial kind of English along with the attached photos which display different kinds of important features in the assessment benefit more people to understand EIA report more deeply. Apparently, 3-D EIA report is really useful and should be applied to more project assessment. 6. Conclusion and future application of the CasesThis study reviews the Environmental Impact Assessment Report of the Liantang / Heung Yuen Wai Boundary Control Point and Associated Works (Agreement No. CE 45/2008) and the Shatin to Central Link– Mong Kok East to Hung Hom Section (Agreement No. NEX/2213). Comparison on Noise impact assessment, Air impac t assessment and Water impact assessment have been conducted during the process. The Assessment approaches and mitigation methods during the construction phase in the two projects are generally same due to their environmental problem in the three branches (air, water, and noise) were assigned to the similar catagories. In the operation phase, the two projects implemented different measures.The study also highlights the vital role of public played in the Liantang Project, where many of the alternatives are adopted for the initial ones. Instead of advertising-like implementation the public participation strategies like those in the SCL project, the Liantang project actively encouraged the mass to be joint-force to influence the decision-making at some of the location of road or channel, etc. From the experience of this project, we know that the original dicision on the project by the contractor would be unavoidable deficient and may ignored some benefits of the stakeholds. With the he lp of public participation, complementary effort was generated to revise the project.The 3D EIA is also one of the lightspots discovered during the comparison. Its application in the Liangtang project demonstrates the unique role it can act in the EIA report. By attaching the 3D maps, dynamic flash-made pictures, and more persuasive computering model on the website, more amuerturs or stakeholders which have been rejecting to participate due to the insufficient professional background is acceptable to the EIA inspectation. The 3D EIA narrow the gap between the authority and the mass further. In view of this, the future trend of EIA is recommended to put more focus on ensuring the public participation and adopt the new 3D techinology to assist the EIA report. References 1.Mott MacDonaId, â€Å"Environmental Impact Assessment Report of Liantang / Heung Yuen Wai Boundary Control Point and Associated Works† (2010) , EIA Website, Agreement No. CE 45/2008 (CE). 2. AECOM, â€Å"Envi ronmental Impact Assessment Report of Shatin to Central Link– Mong Kok East to Hung Hom Section(2011)† , Agreement No. NEX/2213. 3. â€Å"The Technical Memorandum on Environmental Impact Assessment Process† (1997), Environment Protection Department. 4. Mott MacDonaId, â€Å"Environmental Impact Assessment – Executive Summary- Liantang / Heung Yuen Wai Boundary Control Point and Associated Works†(2010), Civil Engineering and Development Department. 5. AECOM, â€Å"Environmental Impact Assessment –Shatin to Central Link- Mong Kok East to Hung Hom Section† (2011), MTR Corporation Limited. 6. Environmental Impact Assessment Study Brief No. ESB-192/2008† (2008), MTR Corporation Limited. 7. â€Å"Environmental Impact Assessment Study Brief NO. ESB- 199/2008† (2008), CIVIL ENGINEERING AND DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT. 8. Christopher Wood, Linden Coppell â€Å"An evaluation of the Hong Kong environmental impact assessment system† (1999), Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 010021-11 9. â€Å"The surround-sound approach to planning† (2012), South China Morning Post. 10. Tilleman, William A. , â€Å"Public Participation in the Environmental Impact Assessment Process: A Comparative Study of Impact Assessment in Canada, the United States and the European Community† (1995), 33 Colum. J. Transnat'l L. 337.

Montague-Capulet Feud in Romeo and Juliet

Montague-Capulet Feud in Romeo and Juliet In Shakespeare’s tragedy Romeo and Juliet, two noble families are at war with each other, a state of affairs which ultimately dooms the young lovers. Romeo is of House Montague and Juliet is a Capulet. We never learn the origin of the feud between the two families, but it pervades the play from the very first scene when servants from each house get into a fight. All of the major events in Romeo and Juliet are driven by the Montague-Capulet dispute. But after the tragic death of their children at the end of the play, both families agree to bury their grievances and acknowledge their losses. Via their tragic deaths, Romeo and Juliet resolve the long-standing conflict between their respective families, but unfortunately, do not live to enjoy the peace. But who’s who in the Montague-Capulet feud? The following list divides the play’s characters by family: House of Montague The House of Montague includes these key players: Montague.  Father to Romeo and married to Lady Montague, he’s concerned about his son at the start of the play and asks Benvolio to help him figure out what’s bothering Romeo.Lady Montague.  Romeo’s mother is less of a presence in the play than Juliet’s mother, but in the few scenes we see her, she appears to love her son deeply. When Romeo is banished, she dies of grief.Romeo. The son, and heir of the Montague house, Romeo is 16 years old and falls in and out of â€Å"love† easily, until meeting Juliet. He kills Tybalt after Tybalt kills Romeo’s friend Mercutio.Benvolio. He is  Montague’s nephew and Romeo’s cousin. Benvolio tries to be a good influence on Romeo, persuading him to forget about the erstwhile Rosaline. He mainly acts as a peacemaker and friend to Romeo.Balthasar.  Romeo’s serving man unintentionally tells Romeo of Juliet’s â€Å"death† (In fact, she’s taken poison to appear dead ). House of Capulet Lord Capulet. Juliet’s father is the family patriarch and tries to control his daughter by arranging a marriage to Paris. When she refuses, he calls her terrible names and threatens to throw her out: Hang thee, young baggage! disobedient wretch!I tell thee what: get thee to church o Thursday,Or never after look me in the faceAnd you be mine, Ill give you to my friend;And you be not, hang, beg, starve, die in the streets! Lady Capulet. Juliet’s mother, while more understanding of her daughter is almost as angered by Juliet’s refusal to marry Paris as Lord Capulet is. She dismisses Juliet outright: Talk not to me, for Ill not speak a word; do as thou wilt, for I am done with thee.Juliet Capulet. At age 13, Juliet is about to be married to Paris and is deeply unhappy about it. But everything changes when she meets Romeo, despite his being from the rival Montague family. The two fall in love and are secretly married, but end up killing themselves when each believes the other to be dead.Juliet’s Nurse. She is more of a mother figure to Juliet than Lady Capulet and knows the young woman better than anyone else in her family. The Nurse’s sense of humor lends some much-needed levity to the play. She’s the only one who helps Juliet in her quest to be with Romeo, even though she doesn’t fully understand the intensity of Juliet’s feelings.Tybalt. Lady Capuletâ₠¬â„¢s nephew and Juliet’s cousin is the main antagonist of Romeo and Juliet, owing to his deep hatred of the Montagues. Short-tempered and vindictive, Tybalt is quick to draw his sword in anger. His killing is a pivotal moment in the play.

Using the Indirect Object Le With Certain Spanish Verbs

Using the Indirect Object Le With Certain Spanish Verbs Although le is typically used as an  indirect object pronoun in Spanish, it doesnt always seem that way to English speakers: The two languages dont always treat pronouns alike, so there are some situations where an English verb takes a direct object but the Spanish equivalent uses an indirect object. In many cases, it doesnt make a difference whether an object is direct or indirect, because in the first and second persons the two types of pronouns are identical. Me, meaning me, for example, can be either a direct or indirect object. But the difference matters in the third person, where in standard Spanish le (meaning him, her, you, or less commonly it) is used as the indirect object but lo or la is the direct object. (Be aware that there are regional variations in this usage.) Verbs of Pleasing and Displeasing Verbs used to indicate that a thing or action pleases someone frequently take le. The most common such verb is gustar, which is often used in translating sentences where we use a different word order to indicate liking: A ella le gusta la comida china. (Chinese food pleases her. This is a literal translation. In real life, the translation she likes Chinese food would usually be used.)La verdad es que no les gusta la verdad. (The truth is that the truth doesnt please them. The truth is they dont like the truth.)Descubrieron que les gustaban las mismas cosas. (They discovered that the same things pleased them. They discovered they liked the same things.) In addition, various verbs similar in usage and meaning to gustar or the opposite are used with le or les. Some examples: agradar: En su nià ±ez, una de las cosas que ms le agradaban era disfrazarse. (In your childhood, one of the things you liked the most was dressing up in costumes.)apasionar: Le apasionaba ser actriz. (She loved being an actress.)complacer: Le complacer ayudarte. (She will like helping you.)desagradar: Le desagradaba irse a su cuarto. (He hated going to his room.)disgustar: Le disgustà ³ mucho la pelà ­cula y se retirà ³ a los 10 minutos. (He hated the film and left after 10 minutes.)encantar: A mi hija le encanta la mà ºsica reggae. (My daughter adores reggae music.)placer: Sà © que mis comentarios no le placen a mucha gente. (I know my comments dont please many people.) Verbs Using Le When the Object is a Person A few verbs commonly use le when its object is a person but not when the object is a thing or concept. For example, with creer, No lo creo means I dont believe it, but No le creo can mean I dont believe him or I dont believe her. In this cases, you can think of what a person believes (or not) as being the direct object, but the person being affected by that belief (or lack) being the indirect object. But in a simple sentence such as No le creo the direct object isnt stated. The same goes for entender (to understand): Lo entiendo. (I understand it.) Le entiendo. (I understand him/her.) Enseà ±ar (to teach) works in a similar way. The subject being taught is represented by a direct object: Lo enseà ±Ãƒ © en la escuela catà ³lica. (I taught it in the Catholic school.) But the person taught is the indirect object: Le enseà ±Ãƒ © en la escuela catà ³lica. (I taught him/her in the Catholic school.) Similarly for obedecer (to obey):  ¿La ley? La obedezco. (The law? I obey it.) But: Le obedezco a mi madre. (I obey my mother.) Other Verbs A few other verbs use le for reasons that arent immediately apparent: Importar (to matter, to be important): A los internautas les importa la seguridad. (Security is important to Internet users.) Interesar (to interest): No les interesaba acumular ni tener propiedades. (They werent interested in accumulating nor having property.) Preocupar (to worry a person): La futura le preocupa. (The future worries him/her.) Recordar (when it means to remind, but not when it means to remember): Voy a recordarla. (I am going to remember her.) Voy a recordarlo. (I am going to remember him.) Voy a recordarle. (I am going to remind him/her.) Key Takeaways Le and les are the indirect object pronouns of Spanish, but they are sometimes used in situations where English uses direct objects.Verbs used to indicate that something gives pleasure or displeasure often use le.Several verbs use le when the object of a verb is a person but lo or la when the object is a thing.